Ancient Lyktos (or Lyttos)
Lyttos, once known as Lyktos, is an ancient city steeped in history, with possible roots in the Minoan civilization. Archaeological evidence suggests a vibrant past, with the city flourishing through the Mycenaean, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman periods. The city's strategic location and powerful alliances contributed to its prominence in Crete. Excavations have revealed significant structures, including fortifications, public buildings, and residential areas, offering a glimpse into Lyttos' rich cultural heritage.
Gortyna archaeological site
8:00 am - 7:00 pm
Gortyna, located on Crete's Mesara Plain, was a major ancient city second only to Knossos. Inhabited since the Neolithic period (7000 BC), it flourished during the Bronze Age under Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations. By the Archaic and Classical periods, Gortyna was a powerful city-state, sometimes allied with, sometimes rivaling, Knossos. In 67 BC, Romans conquered Crete, making Gortyna capital of the province of Crete and Cyrenaica. The city thrived under Roman rule, with new infrastructure like the Praetorium, amphitheater, and Sanctuary of the Egyptian Gods.
A key discovery is the Gortyn code, the oldest known complete ancient Greek law, offering insights into 5th century BC social, economic, and legal structures. Gortyna embraced Christianity during the Byzantine era, evidenced by the Basilica of Saint Titus. The Arab conquest in the 9th century AD led to its decline. Today, Gortyna is a major archaeological site with ongoing excavations. Key sites include the Praetorium, Odeon (housing the Gortyn code inscription), amphitheater, Pythion Theater, Sanctuary of the Egyptian Gods, Basilica of Saint Titus, and Acropolis.
Achladia Minoan Villa
Achladia, 3 km from Achladia village, presents Minoan House A, a 270 sq m structure, dated LM I & III. Excavations since 1939 revealed artifacts like amphorae and larnakes, illuminating Minoan life and burial practices. The site's rectangular design, potentially based on the Minoan foot, and its internal layout around anteroom A, reflect sophisticated planning. Debates persist on its function as a villa, due to simpler construction compared to central Cretan sites. Re-examinations in 2003 analyzed topography, materials, and spatial use, aided by digital reconstructions. The location's visual range and wind-protected orientation are noted. Building materials, like local limestone and marls, and techniques, including megalithic walls, suggest practical construction. Achladia offers insights into East Cretan Minoan architecture and socio-political structures, with its status as a villa under scholarly scrutiny.
Achladia, Siteia
Achladia, a historic village in Lasithi, Crete, features significant Minoan archaeological sites, including a late Minoan tomb at "Platyskino" and a Middle Minoan rural mansion at "Riza." The village, noted in Venetian records from 1577, reflects a rich history with traditional lime kilns, a mixed Christian and Muslim population during Ottoman rule, and its role in the Theriso revolution. Neighborhoods like Plaka and Vaga, with its Ottoman fountain, showcase preserved architecture. The village includes churches such as Agios Charalambos and Agios Ioannis, alongside a modern wind farm at Platysvolo. Achladia's name, possibly derived from olive production or pear trees, is supported by archaeological finds and historical records, with a cultural association active in preserving local traditions.
Acropolis Smari
The Acropolis of Smari, located on the peak of Prophet Elias near Smari, Crete, is an archaeological site with ruins dating back to the Minoan period (1800 BC to 630 BC). The site features a sanctuary dedicated to Athena Ergani, with ceramic plaques depicting the goddess considered the oldest representations of Athena in Crete. The Acropolis is enclosed by a strong defensive wall and contains settlements, buildings, and terraces for cultivation. Excavations have revealed structures like Megaron A, Megaron B, and Megaron Δ, each with unique features. The walls surrounding the hilltop are the most significant structures, built with large limestone blocks and smaller rectangular stones.
Adele, Rethymno
Adele, a village in Rethymno, Crete, boasts a rich history dating back to the Minoan era, evidenced by archaeological finds like the Late Minoan chamber tomb. Its name, possibly derived from Greek or Arabic origins, first appeared in Venetian records in 1577. During the Ottoman period, it housed both Christians and Turks. A tragic event occurred during WWII when 30 villagers were executed by German occupiers, a memorial now stands at Sarakina. The village's economy thrives on olive and grape cultivation, with a cooperative producing olive oil. Landmarks include Venetian architecture, the Agios Panteleimon church, and other smaller churches. The village has a population of 489 (2011 census).
Adravastoi, Siteia
Adravastoi, a small village in Sitia, Lasithi, eastern Crete, has a rich history dating back to ancient times, with traces of habitation found on the Entichis elevation. The village was likely destroyed by pirates in 1471 and repopulated later. Its economy is based on agriculture, livestock and small-scale tourism. The village features traditional architecture, including single and two-story stone buildings with earthen or modern roofs, and the two-aisled church of Agios Dimitrios and Zoodochos Pigi. Adravastoi is located near Palekastro and Zakros and is part of the Municipality of Sitia.
Afrati, Viannos
Afrati is a traditional village in Viannos, Crete, situated 45 km southeast of Heraklion at an altitude of 480 meters. The village features traditional architecture, and residents are primarily involved in olive and grape cultivation. The origin of the village's name is uncertain, with possible links to the Greek word for "foam," the ancient city of Arcadia, or the Latin word for "monk."
The area around Afrati has been inhabited since ancient times. The nearby hill of Prophitis Ilias was home to the ancient city of Arcadia, which minted its own coins and later became a bishop's seat. Archaeological excavations have revealed ancient houses, a necropolis, and a 7th-century BC oinochoe (wine jug). Afrati first appears in historical records in the 1881 Turkish census as "Frati." The village features the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior and offers access to the ruins of Arcadia.
Agia Anna
Agia Anna, near Nefs Amari, Crete, features 12th-century origins and 14th-century renovations. It houses 1225 Byzantine frescoes, including the Deesis and Cretan saints like Apostle Titus. The church's 1196 inscription marks its early phase, reflecting Byzantine art evolution in Crete. The frescoes, though aged, retain vibrancy, showcasing artistic and spiritual heritage. Located in the Amari Valley, the site offers insights into Crete's historical and cultural context, despite occasional access restrictions.
Agia Foteini, Amari
Agia Foteini, a village in Crete's Amari Valley, 33km southeast of Rethymno, was established in the 1950s at 500m altitude, on the site of ancient Syvritos.
Excavations reveal Hellenistic and Roman era findings. The village, recognized in 1961, serves as the administrative seat of Amari Municipality since 2011, housing public services. Population growth is recorded from 1961, reflecting its development as a local hub. Its location near Apostoloi and ancient Syvritos links its recent history to the area's long past.
Agia Marina Kalogerou
Located in Kalogeros, Rethymno, Crete, the 14th-century Agia Marina Church is a Byzantine structure built in 1300 AD, evidenced by an inscription. It houses a rich collection of frescoes depicting scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary, the Christological cycle, the Pantocrator, and numerous saints. The church's interior frescoes, notable for their vibrant colors and carved haloes, have undergone restoration by the Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, though some deterioration persists. The exterior remains unrestored, covered in plaster and whitewash. Situated within the village cemetery, Agia Marina offers insights into the artistic and religious traditions of the Amari region during the Byzantine era, and its artistic style suggests connections to other regional churches. The village of Kalogeros, known for its traditional architecture, celebrates Saint Athanasios and Cyril on January 18th.
Agia Paraskevi in Aitania
Agia Paraskevi, a 14th-century Byzantine church near Aitania village in Crete, is adorned with well-preserved frescoes depicting saints like Vlasios, Titus, and John the Theologian, alongside biblical scenes. The church, accessed via a steep dirt road, features a single room and a sanctuary with unique motifs like the Melismos and Christ as the Great High Priest. Frescoes on the north and south walls portray various saints, including military saints, while the arch showcases scenes from the Dodekaorton. Local tradition recounts miraculous healing associated with the church, with a ritual involving holy water from a now-dried spring. Restored in 2003, the church's exterior is simple, with a buttress and a stone table used for bread blessing during festivals.
Agia Paraskevi in Kalogerou
Agia Paraskevi, near Kalogerou in Amari, Crete, is a 16th-century Venetian-era church with a free cross floor plan and a dome on a cylindrical drum. Reconstructed in 1888, it retains original Venetian frescoes, notably in an arcosolium depicting Christ and kneeling figures, including a Georgios Chortatzis. The church's architecture and frescoes, along with the Chortatzis burial, highlight Venetian influence in Crete. The identity of Georgios Chortatzis, possibly linked to archons or a playwright, remains debated. The church is active and open to visitors.
Agia Paraskevi, Amari
Agia Paraskevi is a village in the Amari Municipality of Rethymno, Crete, situated 60 km southeast of Rethymno at 160m altitude. First noted in Venetian records (1577), it was known as S(an)ta Venerand. By 1583, it had 95 inhabitants. The village is home to the 15th-century Byzantine church of Agia Paraskevi, after which it is named, and the Church of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary (1516) with 16th-century frescoes. During WWII, it served as a refuge for resistance fighters involved in the kidnapping of General Kreipe. Noteworthy figures Stylianos and Michalis Pattakos were born here. Primarily agricultural, the village has three churches, including Agios Stylianos. Population has varied, with 124 residents in 2011 and 78 in 2021.
Agia Triada
8:30 am - 3:30 pm
Agia Triada, in Crete's Messara Plain, presents a Minoan settlement with a notable Royal Villa, smaller than Knossos or Phaistos, but showcasing Minoan architecture. The site's history spans from Early Minoan to Postpalatial, with Mycenaean influence after 1450 BC. Discoveries include Linear A tablets, the Hagia Triada sarcophagus, Chieftain's Cup, and Boxer Rhyton, highlighting administrative and funerary practices. Burial sites range from tholos to chamber tombs, reflecting cultural evolution. A tripartite shrine indicates religious significance. The site's layers reveal Minoan daily life, economic functions, and interactions with the broader Mediterranean world, with artifacts exhibited in the Messara Museum.
Agia Triada, Siteia
Agia Triada (Agia Trias), a village in Siteia, eastern Crete, has a history dating back to the Minoan era, with archaeological finds at PetroKopio, Stalos, and Alogara cave. Formerly known as Tso, its name changed in 1920. The village, not mentioned in Venetian censuses, likely repopulated in the 16th-17th centuries after pirate destruction. First recorded in the 1834 Egyptian census, it had 25 Christian families. By 1881, its population reached 158. The village's economy is based on agriculture and fishing.
Agioi Deka, Gortyna
Agioi Deka, in Crete's Gortyna municipality, sits atop ancient Gortyna, honoring the Ten Martyrs martyred in 250 AD. The village features a 12th-century church at the martyrdom site, the Filakeion museum showcasing Gortyna artifacts, and the "Vasiliou Melathron," former bishop's residence. Agioi Deka, with a population around 732 (2021), is a hub with schools, a health center, and transport links. The village's history includes the Malikoutis family, Greek War of Independence revolutionaries, and its past as the Bishopric of Gortyna and Arcadia seat until 1945. The Metropolitan Church houses the marble slab where the Ten Saints were beheaded.
Agioi Theodoroi church in Amari
The Agioi Theodoroi Church, located in Nefs Amari, Crete, is a small, single-aisled structure with a tiled roof. Its construction date is unknown, but frescoes dated 1588 and 1731 indicate it predates the later date. The church features a bell tower depicting the Virgin Mary and is dedicated to Saints Theodore of Tyro and Theodore Stratelates, celebrated on the first Saturday of Lent. While the church remains standing, the frescoes are in a state of disrepair.
Agios Antonios in Veni hill
Agios Antonios cave sanctuary, situated on Veni Hill in Amari, Rethymno, Crete, reveals a blend of Minoan, Byzantine, Venetian, and Ottoman history. Originally a Minoan worship site, it evolved into a Byzantine monastery dedicated to Agios Antonios. It served as a refuge for Cretan rebels, earning the name "Pnyka of Crete," and faced Ottoman attacks. The site is linked to Arkadi Monastery and features a holy spring, monastic cells, and remnants of past monks. Currently under restoration, the cave holds ancient clay basins and celebrates Agios Antonios' feast day. The location offers views of the Psiloritis range, reflecting Crete's spiritual and resistance heritage.
Agios Georgios Xifoforos
Agios Georgios Xifoforos, a mid-13th-century Byzantine church located near Apodoulou in Crete's Amari region, boasts well-preserved frescoes and a single-aisled, barrel-vaulted architecture. Dedicated to Saint George (Xifoforos), the church exemplifies Byzantine art and religious traditions. Its frescoes offer valuable insights into the cultural and artistic practices of the era. The church's history, potentially linked to a monastery, remains partially unclear. Today, it serves as a place of worship and pilgrimage, open to visitors interested in Byzantine architecture and religious art.
Agios Georgios, Lasithi plateau
Agios Georgios, located on the Lasithi Plateau in Crete, at an altitude of 837 meters, was formed by the merging of two settlements, Kato Chorio and Pano Chorio. During the Venetian period, the Lasithi Plateau was repopulated for agricultural production after a period of depopulation due to rebellions. Settlers lived in temporary settlements called "metochia," which eventually evolved into villages like Agios Georgios. The village participated in Cretan revolts against Ottoman rule. Agios Georgios reached its peak population in 1951 with 1312 inhabitants but has experienced population decline since the 1970s. Landmarks include the Church of Agios Georgios, the Church of Agios Dimitrios, the Byzantine Church of Agios Georgios Augousti, the Church of Agia Pelagia, the Folklore Museum, and the Eleftherios Venizelos Collection. The European long-distance path E4 passes through Agios Georgios.
Agios Georgios, Siteia
Agios Georgios, formerly known as Tourtouloi until 1955, is a village in the Sitia municipality of eastern Crete, within the Lasithi regional unit. Situated on the eastern foothills of Mount Ornos, above the Pentelis River valley and along the Sitia-Ierapetra road at 320m elevation, it was recorded in the Venetian census of 1583 as Turtulus with 111 inhabitants. The name Tourtouloi likely derives from the Venetian Turtullo family (1280). During Ottoman rule, it served as the base for the Albanian tyrant Afentakakis, known for the 1821 massacre of Christians. The renaming to Agios Georgios reflects the local reverence for Saint George. The area holds archaeological significance with Minoan and Geometric cemeteries on Mantalia hill and a substantial Minoan villa in the Prophet Elias area, containing a wine press and pottery, flourishing until its Late Minoan period destruction. Near the village are the Mikro Katofigi cave, with Pre-Minoan pottery and human/mammal bones, and the larger Megalo Katofigi cave, known for its formations and bat population. Administratively, it was part of Maronia before becoming the seat of its own community in 1947 and later annexed to Sitia municipality in 1997. Notable sights include the Mikro and Megalo Katofigi caves. The village is also the birthplace of the folk musician Manolis Perrakis.
Agios Ioannis, Phaistos
Agios Ioannis, a historic village in Crete's Messara Plain, is near the Minoan palace of Phaistos. First mentioned in 1577, it's the birthplace of New Martyr John (Arnautogiannis), martyred in 1845. The village features the Church of Saint Paul and an early Christian baptistery, along with the ruined Aghios Georgios Falandras Monastery. Its history includes Venetian and Ottoman rule, and it's now part of the Phaistos municipality. The local economy is based on tourism and olive cultivation.
Agios Myronas, Heraklion
Agios Myronas, a picturesque village in the Heraklion region of Crete, boasts a rich history dating back to the Minoan era. The area was once home to the ancient city of Raikos, and archaeological remnants from this period, along with artifacts from the Roman era, are now housed in the Heraklion Archaeological Museum. The village, nestled on two hilltops at an altitude of 450 meters, offers stunning views of the surrounding landscape.
Named after Saint Myron, a 4th-century Bishop of Crete who was born in ancient Raikos, Agios Myronas has been a site of resistance throughout history, with villagers actively participating in uprisings against Ottoman rule and the Axis occupation during World War II.
Today, the village thrives as a blend of old and new, with traditional architecture alongside modern amenities. Its approximately 720 residents are primarily engaged in agriculture and livestock farming, particularly renowned for their grapes and wine production. Agios Myronas features a primary school, a secondary school, a high school, a police station, a post office, and a regional medical center, ensuring a good quality of life for its inhabitants. The imposing cathedral of Agios Myronas, housing the saint's tomb and relics, is a significant landmark, and the annual festival on August 8th celebrates Saint Myron's feast day.
Agios Nikolaos, Agios Nikolaos
Agios Nikolaos, a coastal town in Crete, sits on the ancient site of Lato pros Kamara, once the seaport of the Dorian city Lato Etera. In the 13th century, the Venetians built the Mirabello fortress there, which was later destroyed and rebuilt several times. Today, Agios Nikolaos is the capital of the Lasithi region and a popular tourist spot. Visitors can explore the ruins of the Venetian fortress, relax by Lake Voulismeni, and visit nearby attractions like Spinalonga, a fortified island with a fascinating history as a leper colony. The town also features beautiful parks, interesting sculptures, and charming squares.
Agios Onoufrios
Agios Onoufrios Church, constructed in 1329/1330 near Genna, Amari, Crete, is a single-aisled, barrel-vaulted Byzantine chapel with a semi-circular apse.
Built by the Varouchas family, its frescoes, dating to its construction, depict religious scenes like the Deesis, Annunciation, and Crucifixion, showing connections to the Macedonian School. A rare, well-preserved stone templon and glazed ceramic plates decorate the entrance. The church's artistic style links it to other regional churches, such as those in Margarites, Chalepa, Lampiotes, and Apodoulou.
Agios Pavlos Monastery near Paranymfoi
The Agios Pavlos Monastery is a Venetian-era ruin near Paranymfoi, Crete. Located in the Asterousia Mountains, it once served as a hermitage and monastery. The site features a single-aisled basilica church with traces of frescoes, a carved doorway, and ruins of monks' cells. The monastery, linked to the scholar Iosif Filagris, flourished during the Venetian period but was abandoned in the 20th century. The surrounding area shows signs of inhabitation since antiquity, including possible evidence of an ancient sanctuary. The monastery is accessible by a dirt road from Paranymfoi and is situated above the Porofarago gorge, near the hiking trail to Tries Ekklisies.
Aitania, Chersonissos
Aitania, a village in Heraklion, Crete, is 20 km from Heraklion. Its name is believed to be a corruption of the ancient city of Diatonion. Aitania is recorded in a Venetian document from 1212 as "Icania." The Venetian census of 1583 lists it as "Itagnia Cato" with 112 inhabitants and "Itagnia Apano" with 85 inhabitants. On October 12, 1856, a major earthquake with a magnitude of 8.2 struck Crete, causing significant damage and resulting in the death of 40 people in Aitania. In 1954, archaeologist N. Platon excavated a small, cave-like carved tomb west of Aitania at a site called "Fonias." The tomb contained approximately thirty Geometric period vessels. The village square is a central gathering point for residents and visitors, with traditional cafes. The Cultural Association of Aitania organizes a Cretan feast in the square every year on August 15th.
Alagni, Archanes - Asterousia
Alagni, a village 25 kilometers from Heraklion, Crete, has a history rooted in the Minoan civilization. The village's name is believed to be derived from the nymph Alagonia, and ruins of a temple dedicated to her are said to be found on Tholi hill. Alagni is near the Minoan palace of Galatas, built around 1700-1600 BC. The village itself is home to a Minoan farmhouse and appears in historical records as early as 1583.
Alagni has several notable churches: Agios Vlassis, Sotira, Agios Georgios, Panagia, Panagia of Rouma, and Agioi Apostoloi. The latter, built in the 15th-16th century, bears the emblem of the Venetian Cornaro family.
Other significant landmarks include the deserted settlement of Rouma and Koursamos, where a cluster of winepresses dating back to the 16th-17th centuries exists. The Tholi Fortress, a small fortress from the late Venetian period (16th-17th century), is located on a hilltop west of Alagni.
The village's economy has traditionally centered around agriculture, particularly the cultivation of grapes and olives for wine and oil production.
Alithini, Phaistos
Alithini is a village in Crete's Messara plain, known for olive and cereal cultivation. Located near Moires at 150 meters altitude, its history is tied to the plain's agricultural past, potentially dating back to Minoan times. The village church, dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos, is a focal point. Population data shows fluctuations, with around 150 residents currently. Alithini maintains its traditional Cretan village character while adapting to modern life.
Amigdalos, Archanes - Asterousia
Amigdalos (Αμύγδαλος) is a small mountainous village in the Municipality of Archanes-Asterousia in the Heraklion Regional Unit, Crete, Greece. It is located at an altitude of 595 meters, approximately 50 km south of Heraklion and 37 km south of Epano Archanes. The village was first officially recognized as a settlement in 1925. The name "Amigdalos" means "almond tree" in Greek, likely named after the abundance of wild almond trees in the surrounding region. Amigdalos has experienced a steady population decline throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.
Amiras, Viannos
Amiras, a small village nestled on the southern slopes of Mount Dikti in Crete, boasts a rich history dating back to the Arab occupation of Crete (824-961 AD). Its name, derived from the Arabic word for "ruler," suggests it may have been the site of an Arab amir's residence. The village is tragically known for the 1943 massacre of 117 male residents by Nazi forces, a somber event commemorated by an annual memorial service. Today, Amiras maintains an agricultural economy, cultivating early vegetables and producing olive oil. Its Cultural, Athletic, and Educational Association actively contributes to social events and cultural projects, enriching the community's vibrant spirit. Despite its tragic past, Amiras remains a testament to resilience and the enduring power of community.
Amnisos Sanctuary of Zeus Thenatas
The Sanctuary of Zeus Thenatas at Amnisos, located on the north-central coast of Crete near Heraklion, is an archaeological site with a rich history spanning from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. The sanctuary is dedicated to Zeus Thenatas, a deity associated with both Minoan and Mycenaean traditions. Amnisos, mentioned in Homer's Odyssey, was a significant center for maritime activities and trade during the Bronze Age. Excavations have revealed a 44-meter-long ashlar wall, smaller podia, and a thick layer of ash and burnt animal bones, suggesting animal sacrifice and ritual feasting. Votive offerings include bronze tripods, figurines, miniature weapons, and terracotta figurines of bulls and horses. The sanctuary exemplifies the continuity and change in Cretan religious practices, with the site's dedication to Zeus Thenatas reflecting Minoan traditions, while the adoption of new votive practices and the presence of faience objects highlight the evolving nature of religious expression. The sanctuary was operational from the Protogeometric period (c. 900 BC) to the end of the Early Iron Age (c. 600 BC), with two main phases of use marked by the construction of two temples: Temple A (Late Subminoan period to around 800 BC) and Temple B (around 800 BC to c. 600 BC).
Amnisos Villa of the Lilies
Amnissos, an ancient Minoan port city located on Crete's north coast, boasts the luxurious Villa of the Lilies. This two-story villa, constructed with ashlar blocks during the Middle Minoan IIIA period (around the 17th century BC), features a hall with multiple doors, a bathroom, stairs, and covered paved areas. Its name comes from the frescoes of lilies that once decorated its walls. The villa, excavated in 1932 by Spyridon Marinatos, was likely destroyed by an earthquake or tidal wave around 1500 BC. Amnissos is also significant for its mythological connection to Zeus, whose omphalos (navel) is said to have fallen there. The area was referred to as the Omphalian Plain. The name Amnissos appears in Linear B inscriptions, indicating its importance to the Minoan civilization. The presence of the harbor, various buildings, and an open-air archaic sanctuary dedicated to Zeus further underscores its historical significance.
Anatoli, Ierapetra
Anatoli, a historic village nestled on Mount Dikti's southern slopes in Crete, boasts a rich tapestry of Venetian and Ottoman history. Its strategic location, 610 meters above sea level, offered panoramic views of the Libyan Sea. The village's name, meaning "to rise," reflects its elevated position. Venetian presence in the 16th century is documented by Francesco Barozzi and the Castrophylacas census, with remnants like the Tower of Lakerdas in Teichio. Anatoli thrived under Ottoman rule, participating actively in Cretan revolts and giving rise to notable figures like Emmanuel Lakerdas. The village retains its traditional character, with stone houses and the old Kato Vrysi. Religious landmarks include Byzantine monasteries and churches adorned with icons. Anatoli's cultural heritage is preserved through events like the Bean Soup Festival. The village is also the birthplace of renowned violin player Pantelis Baritantonakis. Modern Anatoli includes the newer settlements of Nea Anatoli, Stomio, and Ammoudares.
Ancient Arkadia
Ancient Arkadia (Arcades) was a significant polis on Crete, located near modern Afrati. It contested Mount Ida's claim as Zeus's birthplace. Active from at least the 4th century BCE (noted by Theophrastus for environmental issues), it participated in the Lyttian War (c. 220 BCE) and minted silver/bronze coins inscribed "ARKADON" (c. 330-280/70 BCE). Numerous inscriptions reveal treaties with Gortyn, Miletos, Teo, and Eumenes II (183 BCE), plus Roman-era bathhouse regulations. Excavations uncovered houses, a cemetery with Minoan-influenced vaulted tombs, Geometric/Orientalizing period artifacts, local pottery, and a unique 7th-century BC Phoenician capital. Epigraphic evidence suggests an Asclepius temple.
Ancient Axos (Oaxos)
Oaxos, also known as Axos, was an ancient Cretan city in the Mylopotamos region, inhabited from the Neolithic to the Venetian period. It was known for its strategic location, association with the Idaean Cave, and connections with cities like Knossos and Eleutherna.
Archaeological findings reveal remnants from various periods, including cyclopean walls, terracotta idols, and bronze molds. Oaxos participated in interstate contracts and had its own coinage, featuring Apollo, Artemis, and Zeus, reflecting religious beliefs. The city was a member of the Cretan "Koinon."
Oaxos was eventually destroyed by the Venetians. Today, only a few ruins remain, with some artifacts housed in the Heraklion Archaeological Museum.
Ancient Elyros
Ancient Elyros, situated on Crete's 'Kefala' hill near Rodovani, originated in the Early Iron Age and thrived until Late Antiquity. Named after the mythical son of Apollo, it became a major urban center in southwestern Crete during the Classical period, known for trade and weapon manufacturing. As a leading city in the Oreioi League (formed in the 3rd century BC for security and economic reasons, including Hyrtakina, Lissos, Poikilasio, Syia, and Tarra), Elyros maintained external connections before the league's likely dissolution before 183 BC, a period when it was at war with Kydonia. The Roman era marked a time of flourishing for Elyros, evidenced by the "Philosopher of Elyros" statue. The city featured fortification walls, an aqueduct, cisterns, and a theater. Elyros minted its own coins, indicating autonomy, with emblems similar to Hyrtakina's. Its territory included the port of Lissos, a key economic contributor and religious center with an Asklepieion, as well as the coastal cities of Syia and Poikilasio. Archaeological findings suggest communication with mainland Greece, North Africa, and Southern Italy. Notably, Elyros had a local workshop producing unique glass pyxides. A rural sanctuary dedicated to Poseidon was also found in the 'Tsiskiana' area, likely under Elyros's jurisdiction.
Ancient Itanos
Ancient Itanos, a prominent harbor city on Crete's northeastern coast, thrived on trade and cultural exchange. Its strategic location in the eastern Mediterranean facilitated its growth and influence over eastern Crete. The city, built across two adjacent hills, likely housed important sanctuaries. The city center, located between these acropoleis, contains partially excavated building remains. Two additional hills mark the northern and southern boundaries of the city, with the northern hill housing the necropolis and the southern hill featuring defensive walls and towers.
Itanos held a unique position among Cretan cities due to its outward-looking nature and focus on trade. The city prospered well into the Roman period, even minting its own coins. The Northern Necropolis served as the main burial ground, with excavations revealing its use from the late Geometric to the late Hellenistic period. Notable artifacts recovered from Itanos include a marble funerary stele depicting a warrior, now housed in the Agios Nikolaos Museum, and an Ionic capital made of ironstone, suggesting the presence of monumental structures.
Ancient Lato
8:30 am - 3:30 pm
Lato, an ancient city in Crete, reached its peak after the Dorian arrival. Named after the goddess Leto, Lato was strategically located on a hilltop overlooking the Mirabello Gulf. The city was heavily fortified, with strong walls, gates, and towers. Lato was one of the most powerful city-states in ancient Crete, with a well-organized political structure and a thriving economy. The city's port, Lato pros Kamara, facilitated trade and contributed to its growth. The archaeological site of Lato features well-preserved remains, including the agora, prytaneion, theater, temples, and private houses. Lato was eventually abandoned in the Roman era but was rediscovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, it is a popular tourist destination, offering visitors a glimpse into the life of an ancient Cretan city. Lato was the birthplace of Nearchus, a famous admiral who served under Alexander the Great.
Ancient Olive Tree in Goulediana
The Goulediana olive tree, a mastoeidis variety, dates to approximately 1750 years old, evidenced by its growth rings. This 12-meter tall tree with a 17.5-meter circumference reflects the deep-rooted tradition of olive cultivation in Crete, near the Onithe archaeological site. The tree symbolizes peace, prosperity, and longevity, central to Cretan culture and economy. Olive oil is a staple in the Cretan diet, and the olive harvest is a significant annual event, highlighting the tree's cultural significance and historical importance. The gnarled trunk shows centuries of growth, connecting to the area's ancient economic activities.
Ancient Priansos
Priansos was a significant autonomous ancient city located on a flat mountaintop near modern-day Kasteliana in the Monofatsi province of Crete, offering commanding views. Existing from the Archaic period, it reached prominence during the Hellenistic era, evidenced by coins featuring Hygeia and Poseidon, indicating a focus on health and maritime trade. Inscriptions show political ties with Gortyn and Ierapytna, and its oath invoked deities like Hestia and Apollo. Priansos allied with Eumenes II of Pergamon in 170 BCE. In the early 13th century CE, Venetians built the Belvedere castle on the same site, likely reusing materials from the ancient ruins. Today, archaeological remains, including structures and tombs, are visible at the partially excavated site.
Ancient Rizinia
Rhizenia, also known as Prinias, was a city in central Crete during the Late Minoan IIIC period (around 1200 BC). Located on the Patela plateau, it held a strategic position overlooking key communication routes. Rhizenia likely played a crucial role in the region's political and economic landscape. The necropolis of Siderospilia has revealed much about burial practices and social structures of the time. The city's political system was unique, possibly incorporating both aristocratic and democratic elements. Archaeological investigations have revealed insights into urban layout, religious practices, and daily life. Imported artifacts from Cyprus and Egypt underscore Rhizenia's integration into a wider network of exchange during the Early Iron Age.
Ancient Syvritos
Ancient Syvritos, located on Thronos Kefala hill, dates from the Late Minoan III period to the early Venetian era. It was a significant Cretan city-state, known in Linear B tablets as "su-ki-ri-ta," with its own currency and territory spanning the Amari valley to Soulia port (Agia Galini). The city, a bishopric by 451 AD, features ruins of an acropolis, houses with mosaics, and water infrastructure. Artifacts, including coins depicting Dionysus and Zeus, are housed in the Rethymno Archaeological Museum, reflecting Syvritos's role in Minoan, Geometric, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods. The city declined by the late 8th century, leaving ruins that offer insight into Crete's history.
Ancient Tylissos
8:30 am - 3:30 pm
Tylissos, an ancient Minoan town located on the slopes of Mount Psiloritis in Crete, thrived between 1650 and 1200 BC. The town's strategic location on a major Minoan road contributed to its prosperity. Excavations have revealed three grand palaces (Megaron A, B, and C), showcasing remarkable Minoan architecture. Megaron A, the best-preserved, features a central courtyard, apartments, and storage rooms.
Significant finds include bronze cauldrons, a bronze figurine, Linear A tablets, and miniature frescoes comparable to those found in Knossos. These discoveries suggest Tylissos was a center for bronze working and played an important role in the Minoan civilization. Numerous tombs dating back to 1400-1200 BC have also been unearthed, containing painted sarcophagi, vases, jewelry, and seals, offering further insights into Minoan burial practices and culture.
Anemospilia
Anemospilia, a Minoan archaeological site on Mount Juktas in Crete, offers a unique glimpse into Minoan religious practices and beliefs. Discovered in 1979, the site features a rectangular building with four rooms, destroyed by an earthquake in the 17th century BC. The eastern chamber contains remnants of a stepped altar with offerings, fragments of pithoi with traces of food, and reconstructed vessels depicting religious ceremonies. The vestibule housed a crushed skeleton and numerous vessels. The central chamber contains a stone altar, believed to be the base of a life-sized wooden statue, with traces of vessels and a box containing a piece of rock symbolizing the earth. The western chamber contained three skeletons, including a young man found on a platform with a decorated knife, leading to interpretations of human sacrifice.
Anogeia, Anogia
High on Mount Psiloritis, its name means "upper land." Founded traditionally around the Church of St. John (11th c. paintings), near ancient sites like Ideon Cave. Known as "Vasilika Anogeia" under the Byzantine Kallergis family, it later became an Ottoman vakuf. Despite privileges, it was a center of resistance, leading to destructions by Ottomans (1822, 1867) and Nazis (1944) following the Kreipe abduction. A "Martyred Village," rebuilt through resilience, known for its unique culture: music (lyra players Nikos Xylouris, Psarantonis), weaving (first women's cooperative), dialect, and shepherding traditions (Intangible Cultural Heritage).
Apesokari Tholos tombs
The Apesokari Tholos Tombs in Crete are significant Early Minoan burial sites. Tholos Tomb A features a unique circular burial chamber and annex, used for both primary and secondary burials. Tholos Tomb B includes multiple rooms with evidence of communal drinking and larnax burials. Both tombs offer valuable insights into Early Minoan funerary practices and social organization.
Aposelemis river dam
The Aposelemis Dam, located on Crete's Aposelemis River, is an earthfill embankment dam that serves as a vital water source for Heraklion and Agios Nikolaos. With a reservoir capacity of 27.3 million cubic meters, it captures water from the Lasithi Plateau and Aposelemis basin. Built from locally sourced phyllite and limestone, the 61-meter-high dam features a central impervious clay core and a 660-meter crest. The project included relocating the village of Sfendyli, and addressed environmental impacts through mitigation measures. Treated water is distributed via a 74-kilometer aqueduct, aiding agriculture, tourism, and flood control. The dam faces challenges from rainfall fluctuations and climate change, necessitating ongoing monitoring and sustainable water management strategies, including alternative water sources and conservation. It stands as a complex project with environmental, economic, and social implications, embodying both progress and the need for sustainable water practices in Crete.
Apostoloi, Amari
Apostoloi, located 30km southeast of Rethymno, Crete, is a village with historical records dating to 1577, noted by Francesco Barozzi. It has demographic records from Venetian and Ottoman censuses, including a 1583 count of 175 inhabitants and later Ottoman designations. The village, part of the Amari region at 500 meters elevation, features churches like Agios Nikolaos and Agios Spyridonas, reflecting its cultural heritage. A primary school, established in 1916, highlights its educational commitment. With a population of 162, Apostoloi maintains its rural identity, showcasing traditional Cretan architecture and enduring community traditions.
Armenoi, Rethymno
Armenoi, a traditional village in Rethymno, Crete, boasts a rich history dating back to the Minoan civilization. Excavations have revealed a Late Minoan cemetery, and the village's name is linked to Armenian soldiers who settled there in the 10th century.
During the Venetian period, Armenoi was divided into Ano and Kato Armenoi. The village endured a turbulent World War II era, with the Germans establishing a military camp in the area. Despite the hardships faced, Armenoi has thrived, maintaining its cultural heritage and developing a diverse economy.
Armenoi is home to several notable churches and has a strong educational tradition, with one of the first schools in the prefecture established in Armenoi in 1881. Today, Armenoi is a vibrant community with a mix of agricultural and commercial activities.
Armenoi, Siteia
Armenoi, a village in eastern Crete's Sitia municipality, is located on the Armenohandrades plateau. Historically inhabited since at least 961, it's known for its Byzantine churches, including Koimisis tis Theotokou with 1570 frescoes by M. Kornaros, and Agios Georgios. The Monastery of Agia Sofia, dating to Venetian times and renovated in the 19th century, also resides nearby. The village's history includes Venetian and Turkish rule, an 1856 earthquake, and population fluctuations.
Axos, Mylopotamos
Axos, located in the Mylopotamos Municipality in Crete, Greece, is a village steeped in history. It sits on the slopes of Mount Psiloritis, offering panoramic views. In ancient times, the city of Oaxos thrived in this location, leaving behind ruins of an acropolis, temples, and tombs. Axos flourished during the Byzantine era, as evidenced by the nine remaining churches dating back to that period. The village also boasts a medieval fountain and over ten natural springs. Today, Axos is a destination for agritourism and those interested in exploring the ancient city of Oaxos. The population of Axos has fluctuated over the centuries, with 385 residents recorded in the 2011 census.
Azokeramos, Siteia
Azokeramos, a small village in eastern Lasithi, Crete, is located on the northern slopes of Mount Traostalos. Recognized as a settlement in 1925, it's part of the Sitia municipality. The village features traditional stone architecture and several churches, including the Byzantine Agios Ioannis. The surrounding area includes a fertile valley with olive trees and the rugged terrain of Mt. Traostalos, offering panoramic views. Azokeramos, with a historically declining population, maintains its rural Cretan character and agricultural traditions.
Azoria ancient settlement
Azoria, located on Crete, is an archaeological site revealing urban development from the Bronze Age to the Archaic period. Notably, it grew into a regional center during the Early Iron Age and reached its peak in the 6th century BC. Excavations show organized city planning, monumental buildings, and a shift from dispersed villages to a centralized settlement. The site experienced destruction by fire in the 5th century BC, followed by limited Hellenistic reoccupation. Azoria's stratification and botanical/faunal studies provide insights into socioeconomic changes and landscape transformations. Research highlights its role in Crete's urbanization, revealing changes in settlement patterns and social structures. The site's strategic location and architectural renovations underscore its importance in understanding the development of the Cretan polis.
Castel Bonifacio
Castel Bonifacio, or Epano Kasteli, in Crete, is a ruined fortress with Venetian and possibly Byzantine roots. Built by Enrico Pescatore, it served as a key Venetian stronghold, withstanding revolts like the Skordiles-Melissenos in 1230. Its architecture features fortified walls, square towers, and a central cistern. The site includes a ruined church and remnants of other buildings, reflecting its military and community functions. The fortress's decline began in the late Byzantine period, and the village of Tsifout Kasteli grew at its base. Archaeological research continues to uncover its layered history, highlighting its strategic role and architectural evolution.
Castel del Corner
The Castello del Corner, or Fortress of Kornaron, stands on Kastellos hill near Katalagari, Crete. Tradition attributes its construction to Nikephoros Phokas in 961 AD, following the Arab expulsion. During Venetian rule, it served as a fiefdom for the Corner family, linked to the famed poet Vitsentzos Kornaros. The rectangular fortress, with a 5.5-meter high wall, spans approximately 50 acres, and features Minoan-era wine presses and the church of Zoodochos Pigi. Ruins include wall remnants and possible cisterns, reflecting its role in Malvasia wine production. Restoration efforts have stabilized parts of the perimeter wall.
Castel Nuovo (Kasteli Messara)
Castel Nuovo, a 1206 Genoese fortress, stands in ruins on Psilo Kasteli, near Phaistos, Crete. Constructed by Enrico Pescatore, its strategic hill location offered views of Messara. Built on the ancient Aina site, it played a role in Cretan revolts against Venetian rule, including the Two Syvritos (1230-1236) and Kallergis (1363-1367) revolts. The fortress, also briefly reoccupied during the Cretan War (1645-1669), is the namesake of Kainourgiou province. Today, wall and cistern remnants mark the historical landmark, offering insights into Venetian-era Crete.
Chamaitoulo, Siteia
Chamaitoulo, a small, mountainous village in the Lasithi region of Crete, sits at 590 meters altitude near Ziros. Its few residents primarily raise livestock. The village contains the Agios Georgios church with a wood-carved iconostasis and an ancient water fountain. Neolithic settlement ruins lie 2 kilometers away. The population has dwindled over the years, from 22 in 1650 to just a handful today. It is 7 kilometers from Ziros and 34 kilometers from Sitia.
Chamezi archaeological site
The Chamezi archaeological site, near the village of Chamezi in eastern Crete, offers a glimpse into Minoan life during the Middle Minoan IA period (c. 2000-1900 BC). The site's most notable feature is an elliptical house, a unique architectural form within the Minoan world. Discovered in 1903, the elliptical house's unusual shape and function initially puzzled archaeologists, with early interpretations suggesting it might have been a peak sanctuary due to the discovery of figurines and other ritual objects. However, subsequent research revealed the structure was likely a domestic dwelling. The house features two entrances, one on the southeast side and another on the northwest, leading to an upper floor via a staircase. The central area is believed to have been an open courtyard with a well or cistern on the eastern side. One of the largest rooms, located on the northeast side, may have served as a domestic shrine due to the number of figurines found there. Beyond the elliptical house, the Chamezi site also includes the remains of earlier structures dating to the Early Minoan period (c. 2800-2300 BC). These structures are thought to have been rural farmhouses. Excavations have yielded numerous bronze artifacts, further enriching our understanding of daily life in Minoan Crete. The Chamezi archaeological site provides valuable insights into Minoan domestic architecture, rural settlement patterns, and daily life. The elliptical house, with its unique shape and layout, challenges conventional notions of Minoan architectural design. The presence of both domestic and ritual objects suggests a blending of secular and sacred spaces within the Minoan home. The site's location, overlooking the sea and the surrounding countryside, also highlights the importance of agriculture and maritime activities in Minoan society.
Chamezi, Siteia
Chamezi, a village in Sitia, Crete, boasts historical significance. It's home to the unique elliptical Minoan house, dating to the Middle Minoan period, and the ruins of Liopetro Castle, possibly built on an ancient acropolis. The village, known historically as Camesi and Hamizi, features a folklore museum in a 19th-century house. Nearby archaeological sites include Early Minoan tombs. Chamezi's history is reflected in Venetian and Turkish records, as well as later Egyptian and Greek censuses. The village sits at 430 meters above sea level on the Sitia-Agios Nikolaos road.
Chandras, Siteia
Chandras, a village in the Siteia municipality of Lasithi, Crete, sits at 580 meters above sea level on the Armenohandrades plateau. Likely founded during Arab rule, its name may derive from the Arabic word for "green". The village was recorded in a 1577 census as Ghandra and in a 1583 census as Candra with 403 inhabitants.
The old village center, "Mesochoria", houses the churches of Agios Dimitrios and the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. Remnants of an Ottoman hammam can be found there, along with a Renaissance fountain and Venetian-influenced buildings. A folklore museum is also present in the village. The church of Agios Haralambos, with its neoclassical bell tower, stands in the northern part of the settlement. Nearby, the abandoned medieval village of Voila preserves monuments from the Venetian and Ottoman periods.
Chania, Chania
Located on Crete's northwest coast, this city boasts continuous habitation since Neolithic times on Kastelli hill, site of Minoan Kydonia. Its rich history layers Minoan, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Venetian, and Ottoman periods. Known as "Venice of the East" during Venetian rule, which saw the construction of the iconic harbor, lighthouse, Firkas Fortress, and extensive fortifications. The Ottoman era added mosques and baths. It served as the capital of the autonomous Cretan State (1898-1913) and was central to the Battle of Crete (1941). The Old Town preserves Venetian and Ottoman architecture, while Halepa features Neoclassical buildings. Cultural traditions include Cretan music (lyra), dance, and cuisine. Museums like the Archaeological, Maritime, and Byzantine Collection preserve its diverse heritage.
Charakas Fortress
Charakas Fortress, located on the Charaki rock in Crete's Asterousia Mountains, features Venetian fortifications built over a Middle Byzantine site. Visible remnants include a main building with three vaulted chambers, two rectangular towers, and the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior. The fortress, strategically positioned for panoramic views, was likely constructed in the 14th century and later abandoned during Ottoman rule. The western side, the most accessible, is fortified with a double perimeter wall, while the eastern side's cliffs offered natural defense. Architectural details include rainwater collection systems and lime mortar floors carved into the rock. The site reflects the region's medieval history and Venetian defensive strategies.
Chersonissos, Chersonissos
Limenas Chersonissou, on Crete's northern coast, is a popular tourist destination with a long history. The ancient city of Chersonisos thrived during Minoan, Roman, and Byzantine eras, serving as a vital port and episcopal seat. The modern town, part of the Heraklion regional unit, features remnants of its past, including an aqueduct and theater ruins. Its economy relies on tourism, with numerous hotels and restaurants. While cosmopolitan, it retains aspects of traditional Cretan culture, evident in the inland village of Chersonissos and its church. Family and social connections remain important, and traditional hospitality is common.
Chersonissos, Herronissos (Ancient)
Chersonissos is an ancient Greek city located on the northern coast of Crete. It was inhabited as early as the Minoan period and continued to flourish under the Romans and Byzantine eras. The city served as the port of Lyttos, an inland city, and was an important center for trade and commerce. Archaeological excavations have revealed a number of significant structures, including a theater, early Christian basilicas, and harbor remains. The city's history is reflected in its coins, which feature various deities and symbols. Chersonissos is now a popular tourist destination, known for its beautiful beaches, ancient ruins, and lively nightlife.
Chochlakies, Siteia
Chochlakies, a small village in eastern Crete's Sitia province, is known for its untouched natural beauty. The village is nestled in a valley, with a gorge leading to Karoumes Beach. Chochlakies offers a glimpse into traditional Cretan life, with a restored watermill dating to 1919 and traces of Minoan settlements, including a fortification and cave. The Chochlakies Gorge, also called Karoumes Gorge, features the Flega stream and ends at Karoumes Beach. The gorge trail, part of the E4 European Path, passes through varied terrain, from olive groves to steep rock formations. The village is accessible by car from Xerokampos and is near Palaikastro and Zakros. Tourism remains minimal, preserving the tranquil atmosphere.
Chondros, Viannos
Chondros, in the Heraklion region of Crete, is known for olive groves and early vegetable cultivation. With a history dating back to the Minoan era, archaeological evidence includes tombs and artifacts. The village was also significant during the Ottoman era.
Chondros boasts several picturesque Byzantine-era churches, including the 14th-century Church of Agios Theodoros. A long coastline with beaches like Dermato Beach, and a verdant landscape make it popular for hiking and swimming.
The name "Chondros" likely derives from the coarsely ground wheat used to make xinohondros, a traditional Cretan dish.
Chordaki, Amari
Chordaki, also known as Chordakion, is a small village in the Amari municipality of Rethymno, Crete. Its history is documented from 1372, during Venetian rule, through Ottoman occupation, and into modern Greece. The village includes the churches of Agia Anna and Panagia Faneromeni, the latter containing frescoes and a 1634 inscription mentioning monks Meletios and Konstantinos Varouchas. Population records exist from 1583, showing fluctuations under different regimes, down to a current population of 5. A primary school operated here from 1950 to 1970.
Christos, Ierapetra
Christos, a historic village in Ierapetra, Crete, sits on the slopes of the Dikti mountains. Near the ruins of the ancient city of Mala, with Mycenaean fortifications, the village dates back to the second Byzantine period. Records from 1577 mention Christos as Simi Christo. A 1583 census listed 121 residents. The village is 28 kilometers from Ierapetra and features the Church of the Savior Christ and "The Tower," a Venetian-era, two-story building. Today, Christos is a small village with a population of 50.
Chromonastiri, Rethymno
Chromonastiri is a traditional Cretan village with a rich history dating back to the 12th century. It's located 11 kilometers southeast of Rethymno, near Mount Vrysinas. The village is known for its Venetian-era architecture, particularly the restored Villa Claudio, now home to the Chromonastiri Military Museum.
Chromonastiri also boasts several significant Byzantine churches, including the 11th-century Church of Panagia Kera with its unique architectural features and surviving frescoes. The Church of Agios Eftychios at Perdiki Metochi is another notable Byzantine church, featuring impressive frescoes and a distinct folk art style.
The village square houses the renovated Prinari olive mill, now an educational center showcasing the history of olive oil production and traditional Cretan life. Chromonastiri is a designated traditional settlement, offering visitors a glimpse into Crete's cultural heritage through its architecture, religious sites, and historical landmarks.
Dafnes, Heraklion
Dafnes, a village in Heraklion, Crete, is known for its wine and olive oil production since the 13th century.
Dafnes is derived from the laurel plant (δάφνη - dafni).
The village is believed to have been founded by residents of another village named Skilochorio. Dafnes and Skilochorio are mentioned in documents from the 13th century.
Dafnes is known for its production of raisins, grapes, wine (using the Liatiko grape variety), and olive oil. The village has four wineries.
The village square hosts the annual Dafnes Wine Festival, usually held in the first ten days of July.
Damasta, Malevizi
Damasta, a Cretan village in Heraklion's Malevizi municipality, sits on Psiloritis' slopes. Known for agriculture, livestock, and honey, it's historically significant, mentioned in the 1583 Kastrofylakas census. During WWII, the village was destroyed by Germans, with 37 residents executed at Keratidi, commemorated by a monument. Damasta features Venetian-era churches like Saint Nicholas and Panagia, and Saints George and Demetrios. The village, part of the Tylisos municipality, has a folklore museum and a cultural association. Its population has fluctuated over time, from 338 in 1583 to 244 in 2011. The Damasta community includes nearby Astrino.
Demati, Minoa - Pediada
Demati, a village in the Heraklion regional unit on the island of Crete, Greece, is located in the foothills of Mount Chousakas in the Asterousia Mountains. The village, accessible via a branch road near the Anapodaris river, has a history dating back to the Venetian era. First recorded in 1577 as "Dhemati", the village was once home to both Muslims and Christians. Today, Demati's inhabitants are mainly involved in olive growing and viticulture. The village has a primary school, a kindergarten, and several notable landmarks, including the Church of the Holy Cross, the Church of Agios Georgios, a 15th-century Byzantine monastery, the Anapodaris gorge, and a Venetian bridge.
Dikteon Antron cave
8:00 am - 8:00 pm
Dikteon Antron, also known as Psychro Cave, is a site of significant mythological and archaeological importance located on Mount Dikti in Crete.
The cave's history spans from the Neolithic to the Roman period, primarily as a religious site. In Greek mythology, it is renowned as the birthplace of Zeus.
The cave's interior features a wealth of stalactites and stalagmites, as well as a lake. Archaeological excavations have uncovered artifacts from various periods, attesting to its continuous use by humans. Open to the public, visitors can explore the cave's chambers and witness its geological formations.
Dreros, ancient city
Dreros, also known as Driros, is an archaeological site near Neapoli in Crete, significant for its post-Minoan remains from the early Archaic Period. Flourishing from the 8th to 6th centuries BC, Dreros was an important center of trade and culture, known for its harbor, temples, bronze working, and pottery. The city, built on two hills, features a sanctuary dedicated to Apollo Delphinios, where 8th century BC bronze statuettes of Apollo, Artemis, and Leto were discovered. A large, open cistern, possibly used for ritual purposes, was found in the agora, the city's public gathering space. Inscriptions reveal a board of officials called the 'Twenty of the Polis' and the division of the people into 'phylai' or tribes. The site includes one of the earliest known examples of a Greek temple, dedicated to Apollo Delphinios. Dreros declined in importance after the 6th century BC and was eventually abandoned.
Drygies, Amari
Drygies, a small village in the Amari Municipality of Rethymno, Crete, has historical mentions dating back to Francesco Barozzi in 1577. 1 Venetian censuses of 1583 recorded its inhabitants and corvée labor. The village was later noted in the 1834 Egyptian census and the 1881 Greek census. Part of the Ano Meros community for a significant period, Drygies faced destruction by German forces in 1944 following the Kreipe abduction, though villagers evacuated beforehand. The village church is dedicated to the Annunciation. Nearby features include the scenic Smiliano Gorge with waterfalls, the natural beauty of Platys Potamos, scattered chapels, and an ancient olive grove with uniquely shaped trees, near which lies the Byzantine Chapel of Agios Nikolaos with unrestored frescoes. Population figures show a decline from 92 in 1900 to 26 in 2011.
Elenes, Amari
Elenes, situated in Crete's Amari Valley, 37km southeast of Rethymno, is a village with a rich history dating back to Minoan times, as evidenced by archaeological findings. The village, first noted in 1577 as Selenes, features significant Byzantine-era monuments like Agios Nikolaos church with 13th-century frescoes. Historical records show population fluctuations, with current inhabitants engaged in agriculture, maintaining the village's traditional character. The name likely derives from churches dedicated to Agia Eleni. Elenes has seen various administrative changes, now part of Amari Municipality since 2011.
Epano Archanes archaeological museum
Established in 1993 within a neoclassical building in Archanes' Tzami district, the collection presents artifacts unearthed locally, including from the significant Minoan palace site. It features ceramic and stone vases, tools, and figurines illustrating Minoan daily life, customs, and art. A notable exhibit reconstructs a Minoan cemetery with replicas of ossuaries and burial goods. Copies of major finds like frescoes and jewelry, secured in the Heraklion Archaeological Museum, are also displayed. It offers context for the Archanes area's rich history.
Episkopi, Chersonissos
Episkopi, a village near Heraklion, Crete, has a long history dating back to the Minoan era. The village's name, meaning "bishopric", reflects its role as the seat of the Bishop of Hersonissos after the Byzantine era. It has numerous Byzantine and post-Byzantine churches, including the 11th-century Panagia Kera-Limniotissa and the 14th-century Agios Ioannis with Venetian-era frescoes. Episkopi also has a war museum and a municipal park.
Etia, Sitia
Etia, located in the Armeni municipality in eastern Crete, is an uninhabited village with a rich history dating back to the Byzantine era. Known for its well-preserved Venetian mansion, the De Mezzo, Etia was once a major settlement. The village also features the churches of Agia Aikaterini and Agios Ioannis, both bearing traces of Byzantine wall paintings. The De Mezzo mansion, a significant example of Venetian architecture, has undergone extensive restoration. Etia, though deserted, remains a protected traditional settlement and a testament to Crete's diverse heritage.
Exo Apidi, Siteia
Exo Apidi, near Siteia, Crete, has a rich history dating back to antiquity. Ancient cities like Lenika, Keratos, Erythrai, and Stilai thrived there, known for the production of porphyra, a valuable purple dye. The oldest settlement is Droggari. During the Turkish occupation, villagers resisted, and during WWII, they aided British and Cypriot refugees. The area's mountainous terrain led to resistance against Turkish rule. Piracy fears led residents to live in the mountains, using watch points like Vigla. Numerous caves, including Katochigi, served as hiding places. The village's population has fluctuated over the years.
Exo Mouliana, Siteia
Exo Mouliana, a historic village in Sitia, Crete, boasts Byzantine and Venetian heritage. Its name may derive from the Mouliani brothers or the verb "mullono." The village features the Byzantine church of Agios Georgios, Venetian buildings, and a Turkish fountain. Exo Mouliana is also a gateway to Richtis Gorge and its waterfalls. The village's economy centers on olive oil production. Population data spans from 1583 to 2021, reflecting its historical significance.
Festos (Phaistos)
8:00 am - 8:00 pm
Phaistos, a significant Minoan city in Crete, second in importance to Knossos, located in the Messara Plain. It dates back to 4000 BCE with a palace built in 1900-1700 BCE. The city was destroyed by an earthquake around 1700 BCE and rebuilt with a larger palace. Phaistos had connections with Knossos, Hagia Triada, and Gortyn. Important findings include the Phaistos Disk, Kamares Ware, and architectural remains. After a decline, Phaistos was reoccupied in the Hellenistic period (c. 323-67 BCE) until conquered by Gortyn.
Fournou Koryfi
Fournou Korifi, an Early Minoan settlement near Myrtos village in Crete, dating back to the mid-3rd millennium BCE, provides valuable insights into the Minoan civilization. The settlement, with approximately 90 rooms during its peak, features the "Myrtos Goddess" figurine and evidence of workshops and diverse economic activities. Archaeologists, including Peter Warren, have studied the site's social structures, with interpretations ranging from communal living to a more complex hierarchy. The South House offers a glimpse into domestic life with its weaving room and kitchen. Fournou Korifi's well-preserved remains contribute to our understanding of Early Minoan architecture, social organization, and daily life.
Galatas Minoan Palace
Located on Galatas Kephala in central Crete's Pediada region, this significant Minoan urban site features a large palace complex. Occupied from Early Minoan I to Late Minoan III, the palace was built in Middle Minoan IIIA and rebuilt in MM IIIB, the settlement's peak. It functioned as an administrative, economic, and ideological center. Excavations revealed planned architecture with a four-wing palace, central court, ashlar masonry from Alagni, gypsum details, elite houses, and frescoes linked to Knossian styles. Finds include storage jars, evidence of feasting, a shrine model, and workshops for stone vessels and LM IB weaving. Strong ties to Knossos are clear. The town was abandoned in LM III after destruction events.
Galia, Phaistos
Galia, a historic village in Crete's Messara plain, dates to the Venetian era (1577). Its name derives from the Greek word for milk, possibly linked to its first church. The village experienced population shifts during Ottoman rule, notably the 1834 Egyptian census when no Christians were recorded. Galia later repopulated, growing after 1920 with residents from Vorizia. Its peak population reached 1029 in 1961, declining to 916 by 2011. Today, Galia thrives on agriculture (olives, vegetables, livestock, beekeeping) and hospitality. Located 5km northwest of Moires and 57.3km from Heraklion, it offers amenities like schools, churches (Agios Georgios), and attracts tourists seeking authentic Cretan experiences near archaeological sites and the Ida mountains.
Galipe, Chersonissos
Galipe, a historic village in Heraklion, Crete, sits at 280 meters above sea level. First documented in 1299, Galipe's history reflects Venetian and Ottoman influences. The 16th-century Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, featuring a Venetian tomb monument, and the 15th-century Old Church of Agios Nikolaos are key landmarks. A central stone fountain adds to the village's charm. Galipe's economy centers on agriculture, particularly grapes and olives. The village's population has fluctuated over time, reflecting its dynamic history.
Genna, Amari
Genna, in Crete's Amari Municipality, features a rich history from Minoan to Venetian eras. The village houses a Late Minoan III chamber tomb and a Hellenistic-Roman cemetery, linking it to ancient Sybrita. Historical records note Venetian and Ottoman presence, with documented population changes. The area, known for its fertility, includes 14th-century churches with Byzantine frescoes, such as Saint Onoufrios and Saint Stephen. An ancient olive tree, over 2000 years old, stands nearby, reflecting the village's agricultural heritage. The village also has a spring with potable water and a shaded area.
Geraki, Minoa - Pediada
Geraki, or Gerakion, is a village in the Municipality of Minoa Pediada, Heraklion, Crete. It sits on the western slopes of Mount Sarakeno in the Dikti mountain range. The name Geraki is thought to originate from the first settler, Gerakis, documented in the Ducal Archives of Chandax in 1394. The village's economy is based on agriculture, including olive oil, raisins, grapes, and cereals, along with livestock. Notable landmarks include the Church of the Synaxis of the Archangels Michael and Gabriel, known for its frescoes, and the Geraki Gorge, a site of natural beauty with a history connected to the 1867 revolution. The neighboring village of Armacha belongs to the same Community. Geraki has appeared in censuses since 1583 and has a fluctuating population, currently around 254. It remains an active village with a primary school and a cultural association.
Gergeri, Gortyna
Gergeri, a village in Crete's Gortyna municipality, rests on Psiloritis' slopes. It features the Rouvas forest, Fountana spring, and Venetian aqueduct remnants. Historical significance includes the birthplace of revolutionary leader Fragkios Mastrochakis. The village has churches like the Transfiguration of the Savior, Agios Georgios, and Panagia Kera, site of a WWII massacre. "Digenis' Tomb" lake and the Rouvas forest, with endemic flora and fauna, are nearby. Gergeri's economy is based on agriculture and livestock farming, with a women's cooperative producing local goods. The village preserves traditions through festivals and events, showcasing its cultural heritage.
Gerokampos Tholos Tomb
The Lebena Gerokampos Tholos Tomb is an Early Minoan I-II (c. 3100-2600 BCE) archaeological site located near Lentas, on the southern coast of Crete, close to the ancient Minoan settlement of Lebena. The tomb, with an interior diameter of approximately 5 meters, is typical of tholos tombs, with a circular chamber built of large stones and a corbelled vault. The tomb also features several smaller chambers or annexes, which were added later. These annexes, along with the main tholos, served as spaces for burial and ritual activities. A large quantity of pottery, including pyxides, tankards, cups, and bowls, was found in the tomb. The tomb contained the skeletal remains of numerous individuals, providing evidence of collective burial practices. Other significant finds from the tomb include jewelry, tools, and figurines.
Giouchtas Minoan Peak Sanctuary
The Giouchtas Minoan Peak Sanctuary, located on the mountain of Giouchtas near Epano Archanes in Crete, is an archaeological site dating back to the Early Bronze Age. The site is associated with Minoan religion and offers insights into the ritual practices and beliefs of the Minoan civilization. Archaeological investigations have revealed structures, including a temenos, and artifacts like clay figurines and pottery fragments. The sanctuary's location on a mountain peak is characteristic of Minoan peak sanctuaries, chosen for its association with the divine realm and visibility. The Giouchtas sanctuary is located near Knossos and Archanes, suggesting it played an important role in the religious and social life of the Minoan people.
Giouchtas mountain
Giouchtas Mountain, a prominent 811-meter peak south of Heraklion, Crete, features significant Minoan peak sanctuaries, including Psili Korfi and Anemospilia, dating to the 2nd millennium BCE. Anemospilia's findings suggest possible human sacrifice. Associated with Zeus, it hosts the Afendi Christos church (1443). The mountain supports diverse flora (360+ species) and fauna (150+ bird species, including griffon vultures), within maquis and phrygana landscapes, and reforestation areas. Part of the Natura 2000 network, it faces pressures from urbanization and tourism. Hiking trails lead to viewpoints and historical sites, offering insights into Minoan civilization and natural biodiversity.
Gkagkales, Gortyna
Gangales is a village in the Heraklion Regional Unit, Crete, with a history dating back to the Second Byzantine period (961-1204). The village is located on the Messara plain, 48.8 km from Heraklion. Gangales is mentioned in Venetian and Ottoman records, and played a role in the Cretan resistance against both empires. During World War II, it sheltered Allied soldiers and resistance fighters.
The main church is dedicated to the Transfiguration of the Savior. Gangales also has a primary school and a kindergarten. Today, it is a small agricultural village and the seat of the Gangales Municipality. The population of Gangales has fluctuated throughout its history, with a peak of 493 in 1981. As of 2021, the population was 264.
Goudouras, Siteia
Goudouras, a coastal settlement in southeastern Crete, is a fishing village known for its location on the Libyan Sea. It consists of Asprolithos and Goudouras, named after Cape Goudouras (ancient Erythraion) and the plant agouduros. The area has a long history, with population growth due to internal migration. Today, it's a tourist destination known for beaches, fresh seafood, and a quiet atmosphere, even with mild tourist development. The stone church of the Ascension sits near the exit of the Agios Antonios and Goudouras gorges. Nearby Agia Triada, Ziros, and Xerokambos offer additional exploration. The region's warm climate supports olive and vegetable cultivation, though greenhouses have altered the landscape.
Goulediana, Rethymno
Goulediana, a small mountain village nestled in the Rethymno regional unit of Crete, Greece, presents a captivating blend of natural beauty and historical intrigue. Perched at an altitude of 540 meters in a small valley, this quaint village is located 18 kilometers from the city of Rethymno.
Though absent from Venetian censuses, Goulediana is believed to have existed as a metochi, a dependency of a monastery. The village's history stretches back to the Archaic period, as evidenced by the Onithi archaeological site southeast of the village. This site features remnants of a fortified acropolis, houses, and a monumental fountain dating to the 7th-6th century BC. Further historical significance is found in the Early Christian basilica at Kera Onithi, dating to the 5th century AD. Goulediana also boasts several churches of note, including the 1787 Agia Kyriaki with its sanctuary housed within a cave, Agia Varvara, and the Genethlio tis Theotokou. The wider Goulediana area encompasses churches such as the Panagia Kera, Zoodochos Pigi, Koimisis tis Theotokou, Agios Antonios (cave), and Metamorphosis tou Sotira. Despite its rich historical tapestry, Goulediana has experienced a declining population in recent years.
Gourgouthoi abandoned village
Gourgouthoi, an abandoned village in Crete's Amari Valley, bears a history from the Venetian era, with records dating back to that period. The village features 15th-century churches like Agios Georgios (Merkatone) and Zoodochos Pigi, as well as a 14th-century Byzantine church, Agios Ioannis Prodromos and Agia Anna, with fresco remnants. In 1944, Nazi forces destroyed Gourgouthoi, executing male residents, leaving ruins and a few seasonal residences. Located 42 kilometers from Rethymno, at 680 meters elevation, the area is known for fruit trees and natural springs. The name possibly derives from "gourgouthos," meaning small water pools, or Latin "gurguetium," meaning hut.
Gournia Minoan settlement
8:30 am - 3:30 pm
Gournia, a Minoan town on Crete's north coast, presents a complete example of a small settlement.
Excavations, starting with Harriet Boyd Hawes, reveal houses, a palace, and a street network, reflecting Minoan urbanism. The site's history spans from the Neolithic to Late Minoan periods, witnessing growth, destruction, and limited reoccupation. Discoveries include artifacts, cemeteries (Sphoungaras, North), and architectural features like the 'Shore House,' suggesting maritime connections. The town's layout, with a main street and organized blocks, highlights urban planning. Gournia's cultural and economic context includes regional trade and religious practices. Ongoing projects reexamine its architecture, offering insights into Minoan civilization and its connections to other Aegean settlements.
Grigoria, Phaistos
Grigoria, a village in Crete's Phaistos Municipality, sits on Mount Psiloritis' southern foothills. First noted in Venetian records (1563), its name derives from "grigoros" (fast). The village, at 420m altitude, offers views of the Messara Plain. Its history includes WWII hardship and population fluctuations (214 in 2001, 173 in 2011). Today, residents focus on olive and livestock farming. Grigoria features a medical clinic, churches (Saint George, Saint Anthony), the Koules castle, Temeneli spring, a Lagolio walking route, and the 1850 "Moulali" mill. The annual September 14th festival showcases Cretan music.
Heraklion Archaeological Museum
Now closed
Located in Heraklion, Crete, this museum, established in 1883, is one of Greece's most significant. It primarily houses an extensive collection of Minoan artifacts, including frescoes, pottery, and jewelry, showcasing Bronze Age achievements. Artifacts from Roman, Byzantine, and Venetian periods are also displayed, covering over 5,500 years of Cretan history. Housed in a notable neoclassical building designed by Patroklos Karantinos, it offers educational programs and temporary exhibitions, serving as a vital center for Minoan studies and Cretan cultural preservation.
Hierapytna
Hierapytna, located on the southern coast of Crete, was founded in the Geometric period (c. 9th century BC). The city was a major hub for trade and commerce in ancient times and played a significant role in the island's political and military affairs. Hierapytna flourished during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. It became part of the Byzantine Empire after the division of the Roman Empire. Following the Arab conquest of Crete in the 9th century, Hierapytna was abandoned. Modern archaeological investigations have revealed a wealth of information about the city, including its city walls, agora, temple, theater, and private houses.
Hyrtakina
Hyrtakina, an ancient Cretan city, thrived in the Oreia region near the White Mountains. As a member of the League of the Oreioi, it played a role in regional security and economic development. The city's strategic location on 'Kastri' hill was fortified by double walls. Hyrtakina's autonomy is evident from its unique coinage, featuring a wild goat and a bee. Trade connections extended to mainland Greece, North Africa, and Southern Italy, as shown by archaeological finds. The city's peak was in the 4th century BC, coinciding with its coin minting. Hyrtakina's agreement with Cyrene for grain supply highlights its interaction with other Mediterranean cities. The city was abandoned in Roman times.
Ideon Antro cave
8:30 am - 3:30 pm
Ideon Antron Cave, also known as "Spiliara" or "Cave of the Shepherdess," is located high on the slopes of Mount Ida on the Nida Plateau, Crete, 20 km from Anogia village at 1498 meters above sea level. In Greek mythology, this is where Rhea hid Zeus from Cronus. Archaeological excavations have revealed a rich history of human activity, dating back to the Neolithic period. The cave was used for worship for centuries, with peak activity during the Geometric and Archaic periods. It's open to the public from July to November, except on Tuesdays.
Kainourgio Chorio, Chersonissos
Kainourgio Chorio, a historic village in Crete, boasts a rich history dating back to the Second Byzantine period. Despite its name, meaning "New Village," it has a long and storied past evident in its well-preserved landmarks. The village, located in the Municipality of Hersonissos, is nestled at an altitude of 220 meters. Kainourgio Chorio is home to the Foscolo Tower, a Venetian-era fortified residence that later underwent modifications during the Ottoman occupation. The village also houses the Church of Panagia and Agia Paraskevi, adorned with surviving fragments of frescoes from the Venetian period. The Venetian wine presses, some of the largest in Crete, stand as a testament to the region's historical wine production. The Wine Museum, donated by Ioannis Papadakis, offers a glimpse into the region's winemaking heritage, showcasing preserved wine production facilities and a collection of wines.
Kalamafka, Ierapetra
Kalamafka, a village in eastern Crete's Lasithi Mountains, boasts a rich history dating back to the Minoan era. Archaeological finds at Meso-Kastela and Kissos reveal ancient habitation, including a possible Minoan villa and the city of Larisa. Venetian and Ottoman records document the village's continued presence. Kalamafka's natural beauty includes the Kalamafkianos River, Kefalovrysi springs, and Kastelos hill with the Church of the Holy Cross. The village also features the churches of Agios Antonios, Agios Georgios, and Timios Stavros. The population, around 359, resides near Ierapetra and engages in agriculture and tourism.
Kalamaki
Kalamaki Beach, located on Crete's south coast near Kamilari, is a long stretch of golden sand facing Messara Gulf and Paximadia islets. Known for its relaxed atmosphere, the beach offers both organized areas with sunbeds and umbrellas, and secluded natural spots. However, the seabed composition can create strong winds, waves, and currents, requiring caution for young children and weak swimmers. While Kalamaki caters to various preferences, the southeast end transitions into the naturist-friendly Kommos Beach.
Kalamaki, Phaistos
Kalamaki is a modern seaside resort on Crete's south coast, developed since the 1970s. Located 67 kilometers southwest of Heraklion, it offers a long sandy beach on Messara Bay and proximity to archaeological sites like Phaistos, Kommos, and Matala. This growing village caters to families and tourists seeking a relaxed beach holiday. It is part of the Kamilari community, and features a beach that is a nesting site for loggerhead sea turtles. Access is via roads from Heraklion, Chania, and Rethymno, with bus services available during summer.
Kalami, Viannos
Kalami, a historic village in Crete, strategically located in the semi-mountainous area of the Viannos municipality. Built during the Venetian or Ottoman period, it offered protection against raids and pirate attacks. Once a thriving community, Kalami was an important commercial center with a customs office, warehouses, and various professions. The village's economy was based on agriculture, with residents cultivating olive trees, cereals, fruit trees, and carob trees. After 1960, the focus shifted to early vegetables and bananas. Kalami also served as the main winter residence, with people moving to lower-lying "metochia" in the summer for farming. Today, Kalami is largely deserted, with most residents relocating to coastal settlements.
Kalo Chorio, Agios Nikolaos
Kalo Chorio, located in Lasithi, Crete, near the site of ancient Istron, is a village and historical seat of the homonymous community in the municipality of Agios Nikolaos. Situated on the western bank of the Istron River valley, at an altitude of 50 meters, it includes the settlements of Pyrgos, Istron and Forti. The area boasts ruins of ancient and Byzantine settlements, including the port of Istros at Katevati, where a marble slab depicting martyrs Sergius and Bacchus was found, and a Byzantine church at Gerontomouri. The Istronas River, historically the border between Siteia and Chandaka during Venetian rule, is associated with the village's past. First mentioned in the 1834 Egyptian census as Kalo Chorio, it was also known as Istronas. Kalo Chorio is renowned for its beaches, including Voulisma, Agios Panteleimonas, and Karavostasi, all awarded the "blue flag". The village is also home to the Athlitikos Syllogos Pyrgos Kalou Choriou sports club.
Kalo Chorio, Siteia
Kalo Chorio (meaning "Good Village") is a remote village in Lasithi, Crete, located in the mountains near Sitia. First mentioned in 1881, its history likely dates back further, potentially linked to the Venetian and Turkish periods. The village has seen a significant population decline, with only 9 residents in 2011. Kalo Chorio offers a glimpse into authentic Cretan life.
Kalochorafitis, Phaistos
Kalochorafitis, a village in Crete's Phaistos Municipality, is known for its historic significance. First mentioned in 1399, the village features the well-preserved 15th-century chapel of Agios Georgios o Methystis, adorned with frescoes. Located 64 kilometers from Heraklion, it was mentioned by Barozzi in 1577 and Castrofilaca in 1583 as Caloghorafici/Caloghorafiti. The name derives from "good field," referencing the area's first settler. The village's population has fluctuated over time, from 108 in 1583 to around 115 today.
Kaloeidena monastery
The Afentis Christos Church, a Byzantine structure overlooking Ano Meros, is a focal point for local faith, highlighted by annual August 6th feasts with communal meals and traditional celebrations. Kaloeidena Monastery, now largely in ruins, needs preservation, despite its historical and spiritual value. Both sites reflect Amari Valley's enduring traditions, with efforts aimed to revitalize Kaloeidena, ensuring its role as a cultural and religious landmark. The church stands as a testament to the local community's deep-rooted faith, while the monastery's restoration aims to preserve Crete’s heritage.
Kaloi Limenes beach
Kaloi Limenes, in Heraklion, Crete, is a coastal settlement with a natural harbor. The area is known for its rugged beauty and proximity to Lentas and the ancient city of Lasaia. A small islet named "Apostolos Pavlos" is located in the harbor and a nearby church is dedicated to Apostle Paul. The name Kaloi Limenes appears in the Acts of the Apostles and is associated with Apostle Paul's journey. During the Venetian era, it was known for smuggling activities.
Kamares, Phaistos
Kamares, a village nestled in the foothills of Mount Ida, Crete, is historically significant due to its proximity to the Kamares Cave. This cave was a vital Minoan religious center, renowned for the discovery of Kamares Ware pottery, dating back to 2000 BC. The village, at an elevation of 600 meters, offers scenic views and a rich history, attracting tourists interested in Minoan civilization and the nearby Ideon Antro Cave. Its population, around 331 in 2011, engages in agriculture, livestock farming and tourism-related activities. Kamares blends its historical past with modern life, offering visitors a glimpse into Cretan heritage.
Kamariotis, Malevizi
Kamariotis, a Cretan village in Malevizi, Heraklion, at 620m altitude, boasts a rich history dating to the 14th century. Mentioned in 1396 Ducal Archives, its name derives from the first settler "Kamaridis" or "Kamariotis." The village played a role in Crete's struggle for independence, notably the 1867 battle. Architectural landmarks include the 16th-century Church of Saint George with Venetian/Byzantine symbols, and the 14th-century Church of Panagia with frescoes. Trypiti's rock formations, a Turkish fountain, and Kremastos' oak forest add to its charm. Viticulture is a key occupation, and festivals in April, August, and September (tsikoudia festival) celebrate local culture. The village has seen population fluctuations, from 237 inhabitants in 1583 to recent revitalization efforts.
Kamilari Roman graveyard
The Roman Tombs of Kamilari, located in southern Crete, are an archaeological site that offers a glimpse into the island's history during the Roman period. Discovered in 2010, the tombs are situated at the foot of Evgora Hill, close to Metochi Kamiliariou. The area was known locally as "Xospilios," possibly derived from the Greek word for cave ("spilaio"). The tombs are estimated to have been constructed around 50 AD, based on discovered coins, and provide valuable insights into Roman burial practices. The site is under the supervision of the Archaeological Service.
Kamilari, Phaistos
Kamilari is a village in the Asterousia mountains of Crete. Its history dates back to the Minoan era. The village's name, first recorded in 1370, is likely derived from the Byzantine family name "Kamelaris" or the term "Hamilon Oros," meaning "Low Mountain."
Kamilari is archaeologically significant, with nearby sites like the Minoan palace of Phaistos and the Kamilari Tholos Tomb. The discovery of a bothros containing terracotta figures from the Geometric period confirms the area's long history of human presence.
The village's Cultural Association works to preserve local traditions and customs. Kamilari offers a unique experience for visitors to Crete.
Karphi archaeological site
Karphi, a Late Minoan IIIC refuge village in Crete, perched high above the Lasithi Plateau, offers a glimpse into Minoan resilience during a time of upheaval. Excavated in the late 1930s, the site reveals a planned settlement with houses, streets, and evidence of diverse cult activities. Its strategic location provided a defensive advantage, offering panoramic views of the Lasithi plain and north-central Crete. The village likely served as a refuge for Minoans seeking safety and survival after the collapse of the Minoan palaces. Despite the harsh conditions, the village featured paved streets, yards, and single-story houses, suggesting a planned and organized community. Karphi stands out for its diverse and widespread cult activities, with shrines dedicated to goddesses and various ritual artifacts. The Temple served as the central focus for ritual activities, housing goddess figures, snake tubes, braziers, and fireboxes. Other areas, such as the Commercial Quarter and the Great House Shrine, also contained evidence of cult practices. Rooms containing offering stands, figurines, and libation vessels indicate that rituals were not confined to formal shrines, suggesting a more informal setting for community offerings. This decentralized approach to ritual practices distinguishes Karphi from other LM IIIC sites.
Kastamonitsa, Minoa - Pediada
Situated 42 kilometers southeast of Heraklion on the western slopes of the Dikti mountains at 520 meters, this village holds a strategic position controlling access to the Lasithi Plateau. First inhabited after 961 AD, it was evacuated by Venetians in 1364 due to rebellions, repopulating after 1514. It appeared in the 1834 census (35 families) and saw significant Ottoman-era conflicts, including the 1823 battles and the 1841 Battle of Mesada. Key landmarks include the Venetian-era Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos, the 1890 Church of Agia Kyriaki, Roman aqueduct remnants, and Mesada with the Agios Georgios church. The village was active in WWII Cretan resistance. Population declined from 516 (2001) to 220 (2021). It remains active with agriculture and some tourism.
Kastelli (Tsifout Kastelli), Gortyna
Kastelli, also known as Tsifout Kastelli (Jewish Castle), is a village in Ano Akria, Heraklion, Crete. It is 7 km north of Asimi and 44 km from Heraklion, at an altitude of 448 meters. The village, historically linked to the 13th-century Castel Bonifacio, is mentioned in documents from 1375 and 1583. Residents mainly engage in olive cultivation and livestock farming. Points of interest include the ruins of Castel Bonifacio and the Church of Constantine and Helen, which celebrates its feast day on May 21st. The village has seen a steady population with recorded numbers from 1881, 1900, 1928, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2021.
Kastelli, Minoa - Pediada
Kastelli, Crete, a town in the Minoa Pediada municipality, boasts a rich history dating back to prehistoric times. Located 37km southeast of Heraklion, it's known for its Venetian castle ruins, Byzantine churches like Afendi Christos, and a WWII-era airport. The town is an administrative center with services like a health center and schools. Cultural events, including the "Giorti tou Xenitemenou," highlight local traditions. Nearby villages include Diavaide and Lagos. Kastelli was mentioned in the 1583 census with 543 inhabitants and has a current population of around 1260.
Katharo plateau
Situated in the Dikti mountain range of Lasithi, Crete, 26km from Agios Nikolaos, this plateau rests at 1150m altitude. Its waters flow via the Havgas Gorge to the Lasithi Plateau. Human activity dates back to the Minoan era. Ownership was historically disputed between Lasithi and Kritsa residents, eventually awarded to Kritsa after legal battles documented in Greek and Turkish archives; a legend involves a Turkish judge and the site "Kadi's Pit". Today, it's primarily used for cultivating potatoes, apples, and vineyards by Kritsa residents who lease the land. Access is via paved road from Kritsa through an oak forest, or dirt roads from Lasithi Plateau and Malles Ierapetras; the E4 trail also passes through. Points of interest include the Avdeliakos settlement, the Chapel of Afentis Christos, and Kadi's Pit. The area offers cool summer temperatures, hiking opportunities, and hosts the annual Shepherd's Festival after August 15th.
Kato Episkopi, Siteia
Kato Episkopi, a village in Siteia, Lasithi, Crete, sits at 40 meters altitude. Historically significant, it contains a converted 11th-century bathhouse, now the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, likely a bishopric seat during the Second Byzantine period. Archaeological finds include vaulted tombs and a Roman building. The church's architecture features an octagonal dome and imitates ashlar masonry. The village has seen various populations, including Muslims and Christians, through Ottoman and later rule. Its history is documented through Ottoman surveys and censuses.
Kato Symi, Viannos
Kato Symi is a village nestled in a fertile valley within the Viannos municipality, Heraklion, Crete. The village is surrounded by a mountainous area with the largest forest cover in the region, including the Symi forest, and the Blavopotamos river flows through it. Known for its natural beauty, the valley boasts numerous fruit trees and caves like Zymbraga Spiliaria and Kissospilios. Kato Symi is also rich in history, with significant Minoan-era archaeological finds, particularly the neo-palatial sanctuary of Hermes and Aphrodite at Krya Vrysi, dating back to 2,000 BC. The village has several notable churches, including the Church of the Panagia Galatoktismeni and Nistikoktismeni, built in 1385, and the Church of Agios Georgios with frescoes from the mid-15th century. Kato Symi has a long history, mentioned in the 1583 census as "Simi Catto." It was a site of resistance during the Ottoman period and World War II, where residents bravely fought against German forces. The village's population has declined over the years, but its historical significance and natural beauty remain.
Kato Viannos, Viannos
Kato Viannos, located in the foothills of Mount Dikti on the island of Crete, is a historic village with a history dating back to at least 1583. The village is home to several notable churches, including the Church of Agios Georgios and the Church of the Presentation of the Virgin Mary. During World War II, the village and its residents suffered greatly under Nazi occupation, with mass executions and the destruction of homes. Despite this tragic history, Kato Viannos remains a resilient community with a rich cultural heritage.
Katsidoni, Siteia
Katsidoni (Κατσιδόνι), a mountain village in Sitia, Crete, boasts a rich history. Named after the Byzantine Katsidonis family, its history is documented in Venetian and Ottoman records. A peak sanctuary on Mount Prinias and local caves like Yeros Spilios highlight its historical significance. The village is part of the Sitia Geopark, offering hiking and cycling routes. Katsidoni's traditional architecture is now protected. The village has a cultural association and celebrates Afentis Christos in August. Its population has fluctuated over time, with current numbers around 68. A notable fountain provides year-round water.
Kavousi, Ierapetra
Kavousi, a village in eastern Crete, boasts a rich history dating back to antiquity. Pre-Minoan settlements like Vrontas and Kastro, along with the Archaic city of Azorias, surround the village. Kavousi flourished under Venetian rule, mentioned in 1577 by Francesco Barozzi and noted in the 1583 Castrofylakas census. Byzantine churches, including the 15th-century Holy Apostles with frescoes, dot the landscape. The village, situated at the foot of Mount Thrypti, is known for olive oil production. Kavousi is part of the municipality of Ierapetra and features a community office, medical clinic, and cultural association. The Holy Trinity Parish of Kavousi encompasses 24 churches, including the main church of Agia Triada and the older Dormition of the Mother of God and Agios Ioannis Theologos. The village is accessible by bus and offers various amenities like grocery stores, bakeries, cafes, and guesthouses.
Kellaria, Siteia
Kellaria, a small village in the Sitia municipality of Lasithi, Crete, is situated at an altitude of 340 meters. Known for olive oil and wine production, the village's history dates back to 1583. Once an independent municipality, it later became part of Sitia. The village is divided into inhabited and abandoned sections, showcasing traditional architecture. Its population has dwindled to just four residents in 2021. The Agios Georgios church and a cemetery are located within the village. Historically, inhabitants were farmers and shepherds. Kellaria is near the Zakros archaeological site and Vai beach.
Kissos, Agios Vassilios
A mountainous village in Rethymno, Crete, situated on Mount Kedros' southwestern foothills at 630m altitude, 33 km from Rethymno town. First mentioned in 1577 (Venetian era), its history spans Ottoman and Greek periods, including active WWII resistance. Notable sites include the 14th-century Church of the Transfiguration, the 14th-century Church of the Virgin Mary, the 13th-century Church of Saint John, and the historic Monastery of the Holy Spirit. Nearby is the Yous Campos plateau, Vatolakos forest, Agia Paraskevi area, Kissano gorge, and several caves.
Klima, Phaistos
Klima village, in Crete's Amari Valley, has a history dating back to the Venetian period. Located 70 kilometers from Heraklion, it was part of the Rethymno district during the Ottoman period and became part of the Heraklion prefecture after 1913. Agriculture is central to village life, with olive groves, vineyards, and sheep and goat herding.
The village has a rich cultural heritage, with a strong Cretan identity expressed through dialect, music, and dance. The "Kritikos" dance is popular at festivals and weddings. Religion is also important, with the Assumption of the Virgin Mary celebrated on August 15th.
Family and community are central to village life, with strong kinship ties and shared responsibility. Traditional gender roles are observed, but there is also a strong sense of community spirit, evident in the tradition of offering labor for communal projects.
Klisidi, Siteia
Klisidi, a settlement in Sitia, Lasithi, Crete, is located at 220 meters altitude. While not in Venetian or early Ottoman records, it's mentioned in a later Ottoman document and the 1834 Egyptian census with 5 Christian families. In 1881 it had 37 Christians, growing to 44 inhabitants by 1900. The population has since decreased, from 49 in 1940 to just 2 in 2021.
Knossos archaeological site
The Palace of Knossos, located on the Kephala hill south of Heraklion, Crete, is an important site of the ancient Minoan civilization. Occupied since around 7000 BCE during the Aceramic Neolithic period. The First Palace, built during the Middle Minoan IB-IIA period, represents a significant shift in Minoan society from a clan-based structure to a hierarchical one. This monumental building, covering nearly 10,000 square meters on the ground floor alone, served as a hub for administrative, storage, and cult activities. The First Palace also introduced innovative features like storage magazines, showcasing the society's wealth and resources. The New Palace emerged after a massive earthquake that occurred at the end of the Middle Minoan IIIA period, the palace underwent major reconstruction in the Middle Minoan IIIB period. Around 1450 BCE, widespread destruction occurred across Crete, affecting palaces and settlements. While Knossos suffered damage, it wasn't destroyed like other palaces. This period saw the introduction of Linear B, an early form of Greek script used by the Mycenaeans, suggesting their presence at Knossos. The final destruction of the palace, possibly in Late Minoan IIIA2 (1325-1300 BCE), left it deserted, but the town continued to exist. Knossos continued to be inhabited during the Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods. Two basilicas from the First Byzantine period indicate that the city was still active during this time. Knossos appears to have followed the fate of other urban centers in Crete and declined early.
Koules in Magarikari
The Koules of Grammeni, also known as the Koules of Grigoria or Magarikari, is an Ottoman fortress in Crete, Greece. Built in the late 19th century during the Great Cretan Revolution (1866-1869), it was strategically positioned between the villages of Grigoria and Magarikari overlooking the Messara Plain. Measuring 25 meters by 11 meters, with 24 embrasures, it was used as a stronghold by the Ottomans to maintain control over the rebellious Cretan population. In May 1944, it provided refuge to the villagers of Magarikari during the German occupation. Today, the Koules of Grammeni stands as a well-preserved reminder of Crete's turbulent past and the island's enduring spirit.
Koumasa, Gortyna
Koumasa, a Cretan village with a long history, is located in the Gortyna municipality on the foothills of the Asterousia Mountains. It is known for its archaeological sites, including tombs and settlements from various Minoan periods.
The village's history dates back to at least 1368 during the Venetian period. The name "Koumasa" likely comes from the word "koumos," meaning a temporary shelter for animals.
A research program led by Professor Diamantis Panagiotopoulos is currently excavating and studying the settlement and necropolis. Discoveries include a Pre-palatial and Old Palace period necropolis, a New Palace period settlement, and an Early Minoan underground burial deposit.
With 69 inhabitants, Koumasa maintains a tranquil atmosphere. The village continues its agricultural traditions, while the archaeological research attracts visitors.
Kourtes, Gortyna
Kourtes, a deserted village in southern Heraklion, Crete, reveals Byzantine and Ottoman history. The name suggests a possible Byzantine military base. Located 3km south of Zaros, it comprises Pano and Kato Kourtes ruins, with the Three Hierarchs church remaining from Mesochori. The site includes Late Minoan tombs, an ancient Roman-era aqueduct with caves and a cistern, and remnants of a pottery kiln, reflecting its past agricultural and craft traditions. Historical records show Ottoman and Christian populations, with a gradual decline to its current deserted state. Churches include Agios Georgios, Three Hierarchs, and Christ.
Kouses, Phaistos
Kouses, located in the Heraklion regional unit on the island of Crete, Greece, is a village with a rich history. The village sits on the northern foothills of Mount Pyrgos, offering a panoramic view of the Kato Messara plain. Kouses is located about 61 kilometers from Heraklion and is close to Phaistos. The village was once a fiefdom of the Kourmoulis family during the Ottoman occupation. The Kourmoulis family were Crypto-Christians who secretly practiced Christianity. According to local tradition, a clandestine school operated in Kouses. Two towers belonging to the Kourmoulis family still stand in Kouses. Within one of these towers lies the church of Agia Pelagia, where Crypto-Christians would gather in secret to worship. Other churches in the village include those dedicated to Agios Antonios, Agioi Pantes, and Agios Georgios. Additionally, there is the church of the Dormition of Agia Anna.
Koxare, Agios Vassilios
Koxare, a village in the Agios Vasileios municipality near Rethymno, Crete, is located on the foothills of Mount Kouroupa. Known for its fertile land and strategic location, it's near the Kourtaliotiko Gorge. The village's history traces back to the Middle Minoan period, evidenced by a Minoan peak sanctuary discovered at 735m. Koxare was also home to the Kallergis family and was the site of significant conflicts during the Ottoman occupation and World War II. Residents beheaded the Turkish leader Deli Mustafa in 1821, and many Christians were killed in the Koxare gorge in 1878. The village was destroyed in 1944 by Occupation troops. Koxare's name is attributed to its first settler, a descendant of a Byzantine family.
Krousonas, Malevizi
Kroussonas, a village in Crete's Mount Psiloritis foothills, has a long history, with records dating to 1280 and settlements back to Mycenaean/Geometric periods. Known for agriculture, especially vineyards and olive groves, the village is also involved in agritourism. Its history includes Venetian occupation, the Cretan War of Independence, and WWII resistance. The village is located 21.8 km southwest of Heraklion. Kroussonas has a population of around 2,000 and features traditional Cretan life alongside modern amenities, including schools, health facilities, and a women's agricultural cooperative.
Lagouta, Minoa - Pediada
Lagouta, a village in the Municipality of Minoa Pediada, Heraklion, Crete, is situated at an altitude of 250 meters on the slopes of Papoura hill, between the Anapodiaris and Iniotis rivers. The village is located 48 kilometers from Heraklion and 18 kilometers from Arkalochori. The earliest written mention of Lagouta is in a contract from 1271, where it is referred to as Lauta. In the Venetian census of 1583 by Castrofylakas, it is referred to as Lagura with 107 inhabitants. The village's economy is agricultural, with main products being olive oil, grapes, and vegetables.
Lebena (Leveen)
Lebena, an ancient city on Crete's southern coast, is renowned for its Sanctuary of Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine. The city's strategic location near a good harbor and its association with the healing cult of Asclepius made it an important center for both trade and religious pilgrimage. Lebena was also a significant port for trade and commerce with the East during the Prepalatial period. The site of Lebena has a long history of occupation, with evidence of inhabitation dating back to the Neolithic and Early Minoan periods (ca. 3rd millennium BC). The presence of a variety of Eastern imports in secure Prepalatial contexts at Lebena, including faience, gold, ivory, and Egyptian scarabs, suggests that Lebena was a significant port for trade and commerce with the East during this time. In the Late Classical period (ca. 4th century BC), the Gortynians established the sanctuary dedicated to Asclepius at the harbor. The city was destroyed by a powerful earthquake in 46 BC but was subsequently rebuilt. The sanctuary continued to flourish throughout the Roman period, as evidenced by the numerous inscriptions and archaeological finds from the site. The strategic location of Lebena on the south coast of Crete made it an ideal location for a port. The sheltered bay would have provided a safe harbor for ships, and the proximity to the Asterousia Mountains would have offered protection from storms. Additionally, Lebena's location on the south coast would have made it a convenient stopping point for ships traveling between the Aegean and the Near East. The presence of Eastern imports at Lebena suggests that the site was an important point of contact between Crete and the East during the Prepalatial period.
Lefkochori, Minoa - Pediada
Lefkochori, formerly Voutoufou, is a semi-mountainous village in the Heraklion Regional Unit on the island of Crete, Greece. The name "Lefkochori" translates to "white village," adopted in 1955 due to the abundance of poplar trees. Byzantinologist Periandros Epitropakis suggests the older name "Voutoufou" is Frankish for "peak of fire," indicating the village may have been used as a beacon. Historical churches include the Church of Agios Georgios and Agios Ioannis, the Church of Panagia, and the Church of the Metamorphosis of the Savior with 13th-century Byzantine frescoes. The area has interesting toponyms like Sarakina, Belvedere, and Foresi.
Lentas, Gortyna
Lentas is a small, tranquil village on Crete's south coast, in the Heraklion region. It is located 74 kilometers southwest of Heraklion city. In ancient times, Lentas was the site of Levin, a significant port and sacred site. Levin was a major center for the worship of Asclepius, the god of healing. The ruins of the Asclepieion, a temple dedicated to Asclepius, can still be seen today. Excavations have also revealed a Protominoan settlement dating back to 2500-1900 BC. The name "Lentas" is thought to be pre-Hellenic, possibly derived from the Phoenician word for "lion" or the ancient word "Levynthos." The village is known for its beautiful beaches, including Lentas beach, Dytikos, Tsigounas, Loutra, and Trafoulas. Dytikos beach is known for its relaxed atmosphere and association with the hippie movement.
Limenas Chersonissou, Chersonissos
Limenas Chersonissou, or Port of Chersonissos, in Crete, is a coastal town with a rich history. It was the site of the ancient city of Chersonisos, with Minoan roots, flourishing during the Roman and early Byzantine periods. Evidence of this past includes ruins of a temple to Britomartis Artemis, a Roman port, aqueduct, theater, and early Christian basilicas. The town later served as a Byzantine bishopric. Today, Limenas Chersonissou is a popular tourist destination known for its beaches, vibrant nightlife, and archaeological sites. The town has numerous services and is a center for tourism, olive growing, viticulture, and vegetable cultivation. Churches like the Annunciation of the Theotokos and Agia Paraskevi at Kastri are located there.
Listaros, Phaistos
Listaros, a small village nestled in the Asterousia Mountains of southern Crete, boasts a rich history dating back to the 16th century. First mentioned in historical records from 1577, the village was designated as "Vakoufiko" during the Ottoman period, with its income supporting religious institutions and charitable works. Archaeological surveys in the 1980s revealed the village's strategic location near a spring, surrounded by fertile fields and diverse vegetation. Ethnographic research highlighted the importance of agriculture, grazing, and burning in shaping the landscape, as well as the significance of community ties and human-land interactions. Despite challenges posed by red soils requiring consistent irrigation, Listaros and its inhabitants have thrived for centuries, showcasing the resilience and adaptability of human communities in mountainous environments.
Lithines, Ierapetra
Lithines, a historic Cretan village in Siteia, is known for its Byzantine and Venetian heritage. The village, possibly named after the Litino family, features the 10th-century Church of the Virgin Mary with 13th-14th-century frescoes and the miraculous icon "Our Lady of Lithines". The pre-15th century Agios Athanasios church houses the Vlachos family tomb. The Byzantine Holy Apostles church at Adromili has 14th-century frescoes. A Venetian tower, destroyed in 1828, once stood in the village center. Lithines' architecture reflects the 17th-19th centuries, earning it historical monument status. The village has an agricultural cooperative producing olive oil and a cultural center in the renovated old school building. The population in 2011 was 322.
Lithino Cape, Kefali peak
Lithino Cape, the southernmost point of Crete, features a rugged landscape with cliffs and remnants of WWII German fortifications. The cape's strategic location, offering a commanding view of the southern coastline, led the Germans to construct these fortifications to defend against potential invasion. Mount Kefali, situated on the cape, rises to an elevation of 388 meters and offers stunning views of the coastline, Gavdos, and the Asterousia Mountains. Atop Kefali Peak stands the small stone church of Timios Stavros, a testament to the site's enduring importance as a place of worship and refuge. The ruins of pillboxes built by the Germans during the Second World War are a stark reminder of the cape’s strategic value.
Livari Minoan coastal settlement
Livari, located on Crete's southeastern coast, is a significant archaeological site with evidence of human occupation from the Mesolithic to Venetian periods. The area, characterized by a coastal plain and low hills, includes sites like Cheromylia, Kastrokephalaki, and Chlios, revealing Minoan settlements and early hunter-gatherer activities. Archaeological campaigns have documented lithic assemblages from the Mesolithic, Bronze Age remains, and structures from the Classical/Hellenistic and Venetian eras, including a possible watchtower. Despite poor preservation, erosion, and vegetation cover, Livari provides crucial insights into early human activity, Minoan civilization, and cultural transitions in the Aegean. Studies document topography, structures, and landmarks, correcting misconceptions and emphasizing the site's importance for understanding Crete's broader archaeological context.
Loukia, Gortyna
Loukia, located in the Asterousia Mountains of Crete, is a village with a rich history dating back to at least 1368. Records indicate its existence under both Venetian and Ottoman rule. The village, situated 67 kilometers south of Heraklion, has a population of 155. Loukia features traditional architecture, some of which is in disrepair. Despite its small size, the village maintains a primary school, churches, and a cultural association dedicated to preserving its heritage.
Magarikari, Phaistos
Magarikari, a historic Cretan village nestled on Mount Psiloritis' foothills, boasts a rich past. First recorded in 1583, it endured Ottoman and WWII hardships, including a devastating Nazi reprisal. Birthplace of resistance hero Petrakogiorgis, Magarikari's history is intertwined with Crete's struggles. Its location offers panoramic views of the Messara Plain. The village thrives on olive cultivation and features several notable churches, reflecting its cultural heritage. Population has grown from 140 in 1583 to 291 in 2011. Today, Magarikari balances tradition with modern life, offering a glimpse into authentic Cretan village life.
Makres, Phaistos
Makres, a small village in Crete, nestled at the foot of Mount Psiloritis, has a rich history dating back to at least 1671, as evidenced by Turkish census records. Its history is intertwined with the Community of Moroni, which it belongs to along with Moroni, Panagia, and Fari. Makres, with an altitude of 490 meters, is located 3 kilometers north of Moroni and falls under the administrative purview of the Municipality of Phaistos. The village's economy is primarily based on the cultivation of olive trees for olive oil production and the drying of raisins. The population of Makres has fluctuated over the years, reflecting the trends of rural Crete. Historical records, including mentions in the Code of Sacrifices (1821), Pashley's accounts (1834), and Stavraki's records (1881), provide insights into the village's past. The village is home to two churches, the Church of the Annunciation and the Church of Saint John. Makres played a role in the Cretan revolution of 1821. The village's population was 126 in 2011 and 134 in 2021.
Malia Minoan Palace
8:00 am - 6:00 pm
The Minoan archaeological site at Malia, located on the northern coast of Crete, is a significant site for understanding the Bronze Age civilization. The Palace of Malia is the third largest Minoan palace discovered. The palace and surrounding town and cemeteries offer a glimpse into the complex social, political, economic, and religious structures of Minoan society. The area was inhabited as early as the Early Neolithic period. The first monumental architecture at Malia, often referred to as the Old Palace, dates to the Early Minoan IIB period. This structure, or group of structures, was built around a large open space, sharing the same alignment as the later palace. The second palace, whose ruins are visible today, was built in the Late Minoan IA period, around 1650 BCE. It was constructed on the ruins of the Old Palace, inheriting its basic layout and orientation. The palace's central court, a defining feature of Minoan architecture, is oriented north-south. The New Palace at Malia met its demise around 1450 BCE, coinciding with the destruction of other Minoan sites across Crete. The cause of this widespread destruction remains a topic of scholarly debate.
Malles, Ierapetra
Malles, a village in Crete, has a rich history dating back to ancient times. Once an independent city-state known as Malla, it thrived during the Venetian period and played a role in the Cretan resistance against the Ottomans. Today, it is a peaceful village with an economy based on olive oil production. Visitors can explore the ruins of the ancient city, hike through the Sarakina Gorge, and admire the well-preserved frescoes in the Panagia Mesochoritissa church. Malles offers a blend of history, natural beauty, and modern amenities, making it an ideal destination for those seeking an authentic Cretan experience.
Mana Elia, ancient olive tree
The Monumental Olive Tree, or “Mana Elia,” is a 2,800-year-old olive tree located in Kamilari, Crete. It has been designated a natural monument due to its size and historical significance. The tree has a base perimeter of 9.5 meters and its trunk is marked by age. The Kamilari Cultural Association has placed twelve large stones around the tree for protection. Eight of the stones are carved with the double axe symbol associated with the Minoan civilization. Mana Elia is near the Kamilari Tholos Tomb and the Minoan Palace of Phaistos. It is a “Thrombolia” variety olive, locally called “Hontrolia,” grafted onto a wild olive rootstock. This grafting technique ensures the tree’s continued health. Mana Elia is a popular tourist attraction and represents Crete’s history of olive cultivation. It is valued for its historical and cultural significance.
Margarites
Margarites, a historic village nestled in the mountains of Crete, is renowned for its rich pottery tradition that dates back to the Minoan era.
With a population of around 300, the village has seen its share of historical changes, from ancient Minoan and Roman times to the Venetian and Ottoman rule. Today, Margarites is a thriving hub for pottery production, with numerous workshops and studios showcasing the craftsmanship of its artisans. Visitors can witness pottery-making demonstrations, participate in workshops, and even create their own pieces. The village's pottery reflects influences from Minoan, ancient Greek, Byzantine, and Venetian periods. Margarites offers a unique blend of history, culture, and craftsmanship, making it a captivating destination for those seeking to explore the heart of Cretan traditions.
Maronia, Siteia
Maronia, a historic village in eastern Crete's Sitia municipality, boasts a rich past. Near the village are remains of a Minoan settlement and carved tombs. The village, mentioned in Venetian records as "Marunea" in 1583, is believed to be named after a settler from Thrace. Notable sites include the churches of Agia Triada and the Dormition of the Theotokos, the caves of Spiliara and Agionero, an Ottoman fountain, and a historic olive mill. Maronia is also the birthplace of Cretan revolutionary Captain Sifis Dermitzakis.
Martha, Viannos
Martha, a small village in Viannos Municipality, Heraklion, Crete, is nestled on the slopes of Mount Koupa. Divided into Pano (Upper) and Kato (Lower) Martha, the village centers around the church of Agios Nektarios. While its origins are uncertain, the name "Martha" is believed to be connected to a nearby monastery or a noblewoman's mansion. Today, Martha thrives on agriculture, with olive oil, cereals, and livestock as primary products. The village boasts an agricultural cooperative and a cultural association. Its population has fluctuated throughout history, with 132 residents recorded in 2021.
Melesses fortress
The Melesses Fortress, located east of Melesses village in Heraklion, Crete, represents a Byzantine-era stronghold. Its hilltop location provided strategic defense and control of a vital trade route. Architectural ruins reveal stone walls, a central tower, and evidence of earlier Hellenistic occupation. Constructed during the 9th-10th centuries to protect Crete from Arab raids, the fortress highlights Byzantine military and social structures. Its strategic significance is underscored by its proximity to the Karteros River and its role in Crete's defense network. Studies indicate its economic importance in regulating trade between the coast and inland plains. The site's history reflects Crete's complex past and its resilience during the Byzantine period.
Melissa Fortress
Melissa Fortress, near Agios Thomas, Crete, offers panoramic views of valleys. Built in the 11th century during the Byzantine Komnenian period, it controlled strategic routes. The site features a central tower-like structure, perimeter walls, and the well-preserved Zoodochos Pigi chapel, possibly a former monastery. The ruins indicate a pentagonal layout, with a small settlement, Melissa, existing nearby. Historical records note its presence in Venetian and Turkish documents, though it was not utilized or maintained by the Venetians, leading to its abandonment. The ruins reveal a glimpse into Byzantine era fortifications and regional control.
Meronas
Meronas, in Rethymno's Amari valley, features a rich history from antiquity to Ottoman rule. Notable are Byzantine churches with 14th-16th century frescoes, a Venetian-era tower, and the 19th-century Koules. The village's cultural association preserves traditions with events like Carnival, Easter celebrations, and music schools. Historical records date to 1301, with population fluctuations noted from the 16th to 21st centuries. The village includes the churches of Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Panagia Mavridiani, and Saint Panteleimon, showcasing varied architectural and artistic periods.
Mesa Apidi, Siteia
Mesa Apidi, a village in Lasithi, Crete, near Sitia, has a history dating back to at least 1925. Not mentioned in the 1583 census, it likely developed after the 16th century. The name derives from the pear tree, though none grow there today. The village became its own community in 1928. Now part of the Apidia community within the Sitia municipality, it comprises Mesa Apidi, Goudouras, Exo Apidi, and Kalos Lakkos. The semi-mountainous terrain is used for crops and pastures. Population data shows a decline from 179 residents in 1881 to around 20 in 2021.
Mesa Mouliana, Siteia
Mesa Mouliana, a village in Lasithi, Crete, has a rich history dating back to the Minoan era, evidenced by archaeological sites like Selades. The village, mentioned in records since 1370, was the largest in Sitia in the 16th century. Today, it's known for wine production from Liatiko grapes, olive oil, and landmarks like the Agia Triada church with frescoes, the Kryfos Spilios cave, and a Venetian fountain. The population has fluctuated over time, with 288 residents in 2021.
Mesi, Viannos
Mesi, a small village in the Kato Viannos municipality of Crete, Greece, is located at an altitude of 540 meters. The village's history is linked to the Ottoman-era settlement of Pera Mesi, which was tragically destroyed during a wedding celebration. Today, Mesi is sparsely populated, with residents primarily engaged in agriculture. The village has a relatively recently built church dedicated to both Prophet Elias and the Three Hierarchs.
Metochi of Kamilari
Metochi, Crete, is known as the alleged birthplace of Epimenides, an ancient sage. The village holds historical significance with its agricultural roots and traditional architecture. Plutarch's writings link Epimenides to Metochi, sparking interest in his legendary life, including his famed 57-year slumber. The area features olive groves and ancient ruins, enhancing its historical allure. Beyond its Epimenides connection, Metochi offers Cretan cuisine and access to the Mesara Plain's natural beauty.
Mikra Episkopi
Mikra Episkopi is an abandoned village in Crete, Greece. Once known as the seat of the Diocese of Arcadia, it is now deserted with dilapidated houses and overgrown paths. The village is located 7 km southwest of Arkalochori and 1 km north of Partira. Despite its current state, Mikra Episkopi holds historical significance, particularly due to the ruined church of Sotiras Christos (Savior Christ), a Venetian-era structure built upon the remains of an earlier basilica. The church features a cruciform architectural style with a dome and a narthex, with some walls, columns, and capitals still visible. Additionally, the village has the church of Panagia (Virgin Mary) with Venetian-era frescoes and the ruins of the church of Agios Dimitrios (Saint Demetrius).
The population of Mikra Episkopi has dwindled over the centuries, from a mix of Christians and Muslims in the 1800s to becoming completely abandoned in the 1990s. Recent census data shows a slight increase in population, but the village remains largely deserted.
Minoan Archaeological Site at Odigitria Monastery
The Odigitria Cemetery in Crete's Asterousia mountains is an archaeological site dating back to the Early Minoan (EM) period.
It features two tholos tombs (A and B), a Rectangular Building, courtyards, an ossuary, and a possible altar, all enclosed within a peribolos wall. The site's three construction phases span from the Final Neolithic to the Middle Minoan (MM) era. Tholos A, the smaller of the two tombs, contained undisturbed EM I pottery, while Tholos B boasts a unique complete outer wall. The Rectangular Building may have served as an independent burial building or ritual space. The courtyards, particularly the Eastern and Outer Courtyards, likely hosted rituals associated with the deceased. The ossuary reveals the practice of secondary burial, where bodies were initially interred in the tholos tombs or pithoi and later transferred to the ossuary. The Odigitria Cemetery provides significant insights into Early and Middle Minoan burial practices, social structures, and material culture.
Minoan Palace of Epano Archanes
The Minoan Palace of Epano Archanes, also known as the Tourkogeitonia Palace, is a significant archaeological site located in the village of Epano Archanes on the island of Crete, Greece. This palatial complex dates back to the Neopalatial period of the Minoan civilization (around 1700-1450 BC). It is smaller than the palaces of Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia, but boasts a unique architectural layout with multiple wings and levels, and impressive features including an elaborate drainage system. The palace likely played a crucial role in the economic and religious life of the surrounding community. Excavations at the site have unearthed a wealth of artifacts, including pottery, tools, figurines, and seal stones, shedding light on the daily life, artistic traditions, and religious practices of the Minoans. A recent discovery in 2024 unearthed a unique Gate Shrine located outside the main entrance, the first of its kind at a Minoan palace, shedding new light on the religious practices and beliefs of this ancient civilization.
Minoan Shipyard at Agii Theodori
The Minoan civilization on Bronze Age Crete heavily relied on maritime prowess, establishing extensive Mediterranean trade networks with Egypt, Cyprus, and the Levant through advanced shipbuilding and strategic harbor towns. The archaeological site at Agii Theodori, on Vathianos Kambos beach near Heraklion, exemplifies this. Dating to the Late Minoan I period (c. 1600-1450 BC), it features a significant, carved dry dock (approx. 48m x 11m) and timber storage areas, indicating a dedicated shipyard. Its peninsula location offered protection and sea access. This site, near the Palace of Knossos and the port of Amnisos, underscores Minoan maritime dominance, shipbuilding ingenuity, and the vital role of coastal settlements in their economic and cultural expansion.
Minoan Villa at Agios Georgios (Tourtouloi)
Situated on Prophitis Elias hill near Praisos in eastern Crete, Agios Georgios, also known as Tourtouloi, is the site of a 700 square meter Minoan villa constructed across four terraces during the Bronze Age, specifically the Proto- and Neopalatial periods (MMIII to LMIB). Excavated by Nicholas Platon, this 'villa' functioned as a central building within a small settlement focused on agricultural exploitation. The site, part of the Petras region's settlement hierarchy, features architectural remains including rooms on the second terrace and a wine press and possible kitchen on the lowest. Discoveries include numerous loom weights, indicating significant textile production, and a potter's wheel, suggesting localized pottery manufacture. While not well-preserved due to landslips and weather, Agios Georgios represents a second-tier 'villa' site within the Petras territory, highlighting agricultural and craft activities within the broader Minoan economic and cultural context of eastern Crete.
Mitropoli, Gortyna
Mitropoli, a village in Crete's Gortyna municipality, sits adjacent to the significant archaeological site of Gortyna. Its name derives from the nearby ruins of the first Byzantine metropolitan church of Agios Titos. Recent excavations have unearthed a mosaic floor from an early Christian basilica, further highlighting the area's historical depth. The village is approximately 46 kilometers from Heraklion. Mitropoli's economy is largely agricultural, focusing on grapes, olives, vegetables, cereals, and citrus fruits. The village has a primary school, kindergarten, and the central church of Agios Nikolaos, showcasing Byzantine architecture. Historical population data shows fluctuations, with the current population around 370. Mitropoli's proximity to Gortyna makes it a point of interest for those studying ancient and Byzantine history.
Mochlos Minoan Settlement and Port
Mochlos, a small islet off Crete, was a significant Minoan port city with a long history. Settled from the Early Minoan period, it flourished in trade, particularly during EM III, evidenced by sophisticated crafts like pottery and metalwork. The site shows social stratification through its tombs. A decline occurred in the Middle Minoan period, but Mochlos revived in the Neopalatial period with a smaller town and ceremonial buildings. The town was destroyed in LM IB, though the site was reoccupied by Mycenaeans. Mochlos later became a major center for amphora production in the Roman era, exporting wine across the Mediterranean. Excavations continue to reveal insights into Minoan life and trade.
Mochlos, Siteia
Mochlos Island, a small rocky island in Crete's Gulf of Mirabello, is a significant Minoan archaeological site and a popular tourist destination. Inhabited during Minoan times, Mochlos was a major port and production center. The Minoan settlement was impacted by the Thera eruption. Later, Venetians built a fort, whose ruins remain. The island's history spans from the Bronze Age Minoan civilization through Venetian rule to its current status as a tourist attraction. The village of Mochlos faces the island.
Moires, Phaistos
Moires is a modern town located in the fertile Messara plain of Crete, approximately 38 kilometers southwest of Heraklion. The town has a rich history, potentially dating back to the Venetian era, and has experienced significant growth over the centuries. Moires is a bustling hub of activity, known for its agricultural production, particularly olive oil and wine, and its vibrant Saturday market, the largest in Crete. The town also serves as an administrative center and offers a range of amenities, including schools, banks, and a health center. Its strategic location provides easy access to key attractions such as the Minoan palaces of Phaistos and Agia Triada, the Roman ruins of Gortyna, and the coastal areas of Matala.
Monastery of Kyria Chrysopigi in Pyrgou
Located near Pyrgou, Crete, this Greek Orthodox monastery is dedicated to the Life-Giving Spring (Zoodochos Pigi), reflecting its construction near a water source, and Saint Titus. Once a cenobitic monastery with workshops, its history is noted in a 1577 Venetian document. It survived the Ottoman conquest, functioning initially but later falling under the Monastery of Gorgolaιni. Renovations occurred in 1745 and 1796. The main church (katholikon) is double-aisled. Surrounding features include a stone olive millstone, winemaking remnants, graves from its time as a cemetery, and the original water source with a stone fountain. A stone bell tower dated 1908 stands nearby. Currently, only the katholikon remains, and the monastery is inactive.
Monastery of the Holy Spirit
Located near Kissos, Rethymno, on Mount Kentros, this Orthodox monastery, possibly dating to the Byzantine era and active during Venetian times, was destroyed in 1821. It later became the significant "School of the Holy Spirit" in 1836 under Ottoman rule, educating figures like Emmanouil Tsouderos. A memorial marks an 1868 battle site. Declared a protected monument in 1980, it is now restored and reopened, with an Abbot appointed after nearly 200 years. It falls under the Metropolis of Lambi, Syvritos and Sfakia.
Monastiraki, Ierapetra
Monastiraki (Monastirakion) is a small village in Lasithi, Crete, situated on Mount Thrypti's slopes, near Ha Gorge, with views of Mirabello Gulf. Located 5km from Pahia Amos and 11km from Ierapetra, it's part of the Pahia Amos community. Historically, it was mentioned by Castrofylakas around 1853, possibly built on a former monastery site dedicated to Saints Constantine and Helen. The 2021 census recorded 21 residents. The village experienced population fluctuations over the years, from 10 families in 1834 to a single resident for some time, and now sees a revival with home renovations and infrastructure improvements. Points of interest include the Byzantine churches of Agios Stefanos and Agios Georgios, alongside two traditional cafes serving Cretan cuisine.
Moni Kallergi
Moni Kallergi, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, is a historical monastery southeast of Smari, Crete, near Kastelli. Built during the Venetian era, it rests on Minoan-era ruins, evidenced by tombs and artifacts. Records link it to the Kallergis family. Though damaged during Ottoman rule and a 1931 fire, it was restored in the 20th and 21st centuries. Now an active monastery under the Metropolis of Arkalochori, it includes a restored central building, a two-aisled church dedicated to Saint George and Saint Spyridon, and a chapel for the New Martyrs of Crete. The site showcases a blend of Minoan and Venetian history, with ongoing services and visitor access.
Moni Kapsa Monastery
Moni Kapsa, an Eastern Orthodox monastery in southeastern Crete, Greece, is dedicated to Saint John the Baptist. Situated in the Lasithi region, near Pervolakia Gorge and overlooking the Libyan Sea, the monastery features a unique cave-like church with pebble mosaics. Its history spans from the Byzantine period, with evidence of hermits and monks residing there, through Venetian rule, pirate raids, and Ottoman influence. It was revived in the 19th century by Iosif Gerontogiannis, a local hermit later venerated as a saint. The complex includes monks' cells, a guesthouse, and a dining hall, built on four levels. The church's north wall contains paintings from 1552-1809, remnants of an older structure. The nearby Pervolakia Gorge offers hiking trails and unique flora. The monastery played a role in WWII, assisting Allied forces. It was restored in the early 2000s and remains an active monastery.
Moni Odigitrias monastery
Moni Odigitrias, a 14th-century Greek Orthodox monastery nestled in the Asterousia Mountains of Crete, stands as a testament to the island's rich history and resilience. Dedicated to the Virgin Mary "Odigitria" ("She who shows the way"), the monastery has been a place of pilgrimage and refuge for centuries.
During the Venetian period, Moni Odigitrias flourished as a center of learning and art. Its walls are adorned with frescoes by renowned Cretan painters, including Angelos Akotantos, who also crafted the monastery's iconic iconostasis. The monastery's collection of valuable icons and manuscripts further reflects its cultural significance.
Moni Odigitrias played a pivotal role in the Cretan resistance against the Ottoman Empire. It served as a sanctuary for rebels and a symbol of defiance. The legendary "Xopapas" (Father Ioasaph), a monk turned rebel leader, led the resistance from within the monastery's walls.
Today, Moni Odigitrias remains a working monastery, home to a small community of monks. It has undergone extensive restoration and welcomes visitors to explore its historic grounds, including a museum showcasing artifacts from its past. The museum houses a traditional loom, a stone oven, an olive press, and agricultural tools, providing a glimpse into the monastery's self-sufficient lifestyle.
Mourtzana, Mylopotamos
Located 33 km east of Rethymno at 335m altitude, this designated traditional settlement in the Garazo community, Mylopotamos municipality, has roots traced to the Byzantine Mourtzanos family, possibly first settled by Michael Mourtzis. Mentioned in Venetian records (as Muriziana/Murzanà) from 1577 and Ottoman records (as Merçana) from 1671, it displays a blend of Byzantine, Venetian, and Ottoman architectural elements, including converted buildings and fortress-like houses. Historically significant for olive oil production, it housed seven Venetian-style factories, some used during the German occupation. Key sites include the early 20th-century Agia Sophia cathedral, the 1837 Agia Paraskevi church, and an early 20th-century aqueduct. Population was 35 in 2021.
Mouses abandoned village
Mouses, an abandoned village near Mourtzana in Rethymno, Crete, reflects the island's rural past. The village's history likely mirrored other Cretan settlements, with population fluctuations due to historical events and economic shifts. Abandoned watermills highlight Mouses's role as a center for milling grain in the pre-industrial era, crucial for producing flour and other grain-based products. The village's current state reflects the rural depopulation seen in Crete during the 20th century. Mouses stands as a testament to the passage of time, with its abandoned watermills offering a glimpse into traditional practices. Although no longer inhabited, Mouses retains historical significance, providing a resource for understanding Crete's rural past.
Myrsini, Siteia
Myrsini, a village in eastern Crete, near Sitia, has a rich history. Minoan tombs and artifacts have been found in the area, and the Venetian-era Kornaros Tower stands as a reminder of past rule. First mentioned as Metochia in the 1834 Egyptian census, the village later became known as Myrsini in 1920 due to its myrtle trees. The local economy relies on agriculture, primarily olive oil and grape production. The Tower of Kornaros, also known as the Tower of Agios Antonios, with an inscription "Vicenzo Cornaros 1677", is a medieval structure with a complex history, including partial destruction during the 1897 revolution and subsequent restoration.
Myrtos archaeological site
The Myrtos-Pyrgos archaeological site, also known as Pyrgos, is a significant Minoan Bronze Age settlement located on the southern coast of Crete, near Ierapetra. Occupied from the Early Minoan II to the Late Minoan IB period, it provides valuable insights into the development of the Minoan civilization. The site's strategic location and long occupation history make it a key resource for understanding the social, economic, and political dynamics of this ancient society. Excavations have revealed a variety of artifacts, including seals, seal impressions, Linear A tablets, and inscriptions on clay vessels, shedding light on the evolution of communication, administrative practices, and trade networks in Minoan Crete. The site's chronological phases, from Pyrgos I to Pyrgos IV, show a growing cultural sophistication and connections with other parts of Crete, including Malia and Knossos. The final phase, Pyrgos IV, ended with a catastrophic fire that destroyed much of the settlement, marking the end of its prominence.
Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete
Operating under the University of Crete in Heraklion, the Natural History Museum of Crete (NHMC) is dedicated to studying, protecting, and promoting the natural heritage of the Eastern Mediterranean. It is located within a restored industrial building, formerly an electricity power plant. Exhibits span four levels, featuring dioramas of regional habitats, interactive geological displays, and paleontological collections including fossils. The museum serves as a center for research and education, contributing to the conservation of regional biodiversity and offering programs for all ages focused on environmental awareness.
Nefs Amari, Amari
Amari, a Cretan village at 460m, has origins from antiquity, with mentions in 1225 and Venetian records. It became Nevs Amari under Ottoman rule, serving as a capital. A resistance hub in WWII, it saw German destruction in 1944. Its name may derive from Latin "love" or a ruler. Key sites include Byzantine churches (Agia Anna, Agios Theodoros, Agioi Anargyroi, Kera Panagia), Asomaton Monastery, and a Venetian bell tower. Once a center of learning, it now focuses on agriculture, maintaining authentic Cretan traditions. Population fluctuated, currently at 111.
Olous
Olous, an ancient Cretan harbor city, now largely submerged off the coast of Elounda, was inhabited from the Early Minoan period through the Hellenistic period. Its strategic location in the Mirabello Gulf made it a significant maritime hub, connecting the Eastern and Western Mediterranean. Archaeological investigations, including underwater surveys, have revealed remnants of Minoan cemeteries, fortifications, and possible public buildings. The city's history is intertwined with that of other Cretan powers like Knossos and Lato. Olous was known for its temple to Britomartis and its connections with Ptolemaic Egypt. Today, the site offers a glimpse into Crete's rich maritime past.
Oreino, Ierapetra
Oreino, or Orno, is a mountain village in Ierapetra, eastern Crete, at 620m altitude on Mount Afentis. First mentioned in 1368, it's known for the 5km long Oreino Gorge with the Byzantine Transfiguration of the Savior church. The village, once on Kastri peak, is now verdant with pine trees near Lake Skafi and the Red Butterfly Gorge. The gorge's name comes from its red butterfly population, impacted by a 1993 fire. Oreino is accessible from Ierapetra and offers traditional Cretan cuisine at the "Orno" tavern. The settlement's history includes Venetian and Ottoman rule, reflected in its architecture and cultural heritage.
Pacheia Ammos, Ierapetra
Pachia Ammos, a coastal village in Lasithi, Crete, is situated near the archaeological sites of ancient Minoa and Gournia. The village, mentioned by Basilicata in 1630, developed in the 20th century, becoming a tourist center. It boasts a long beach, taverns, and the Institute for the Study of Prehistoric Aegean Eastern Crete. The village's name, meaning "thick sand," reflects its beach. Pachia Ammos is served by bus routes connecting it to nearby cities and has a rural medical center, schools, and various shops. The area's history includes the Minoan civilization, with Gournia being a significant site. The current population is around 574 inhabitants.
Palaikastro Minoan Settlement (Roussolakkos)
The Minoan settlement of Palaikastro, located near the modern village of Palaikastro on Crete's eastern coast, thrived during the Bronze Age. Occupied from the Early Minoan II to the Late Minoan IIIB periods (c. 2600-1200 BC), the settlement spanned over 50,000 square meters. Palaikastro's strategic location with a sheltered harbor facilitated trade and agriculture. Excavations have revealed a well-planned town with houses, workshops, and evidence of a vibrant social and economic life. The town's layout suggests central planning, with grid-like streets and organized blocks of houses, possibly indicating a clan-based social structure. Palaikastro's economy was based on agriculture, trade, and crafts like weaving, metalworking, and pottery production. Religious practices are evident through artifacts like figurines and incense burners. Ongoing archaeological investigations continue to enrich our understanding of this important Minoan center.
Palaikastro, Siteia
Palaikastro (Paleocastro) is a town in eastern Crete, near Siteia, known for its historical significance and natural beauty. It is home to the Roussolakos Minoan settlement, a major Late Minoan site with earlier Proto- and Meso-Minoan remains, abandoned around 1450 BC and resettled later. The sanctuary of Diktaean Zeus, belonging to Itanos, was also found here. The Venetian fort, Paleo Castro (Rizokastro), was built on Kastri hill, overlooking Kouremenos and Hiona beaches, likely on Minoan and Byzantine ruins, but was abandoned before the Turkish conquest. The local economy relies on tourism and olive oil. Palaikastro's population has fluctuated over time, reaching around 1,300 residents. The area's rich history includes Minoan, Venetian, and later periods.
Palaiokastro Fortress: Guardian of Heraklion Bay
The Palaiokastro Fortress, built by Venetians (1573-1595) on a cliff overlooking Palaiokastro Beach near Heraklion, Crete, defended Heraklion Bay. Its three levels housed powder magazines, a cistern, barracks, and a chapel. The winged lion of St. Mark on its walls signifies Venetian heritage. Captured by Ottomans in the Cretan War (1645-1669), the fortress was documented in the 1900s by G. Gerola. Now partly ruined, it's undergoing restoration.
Paleokastro beach
Paliokastro beach, 14 kilometers west of Heraklion, features a blend of natural beauty and historical significance. Located within a valley carved by mountain streams, the cove includes a Venetian fortress, Paliokastro, built on the ancient Kytaeon acropolis. The beach has deep waters, a pebble shoreline, and rocky seabed suitable for snorkeling and fishing. Residents frequent this tranquil area, which offers tavernas, hotels, and a mini-market in a restored limekiln. The beach is accessible via the Heraklion-Chania highway.
Panagia Kardiotissa in Agios Thomas
Panagia Kera Kardiotissa, a 14th-century Byzantine monastery near Agios Thomas in Crete, is dedicated to the Nativity of the Virgin Mary. Located in a lush landscape at an altitude of 630 meters, the monastery is situated in a place called Mouzouras, next to the Axedianos River. The monastery once housed a miraculous icon of Panagia Kardiotissa, depicting the Virgin Mary holding Christ. The icon's origins are debated, with some attributing it to an Armenian monk named Lazarus and others to the Heraklion painter Andreas Ritzos. The icon's miraculous powers were documented as early as 1415. The monastery became a significant pilgrimage site in 1912 following a vision of the icon of Saint George. It served as a nunnery from 1935 to 1962 and sheltered residents during the German occupation. Today, the renovated site features a centuries-old oak tree, peacocks, and a workshop for traditional weaving.
Panagia Kera
Panagia Kera, near Nefs Amari, is a 15th-century three-aisled basilica, constructed over a 13th-century cross-in-square church, potentially an earlier Apollo temple site. This Byzantine masterpiece features frescoes, including the Dormition of the Virgin and Ascension, and the Kallergis family coat of arms, linking it to the Venetian period. Once a monastery katholikon under Moni Asomaton, it stands amidst ancient olive groves, with remnants of its past visible in the sanctuary and surrounding area, reflecting Crete's rich historical layers and cultural influences.
Panagia Mavridiani in Meronas
Panagia Mavridiani, or Church of the Nativity of Mary, stands near Meronas, Crete, with origins in the 13th century, expanded in the 15th and 16th. The church features two aisles; the older, 13th-century section displays Byzantine architecture with a domed, single-nave design and 13th-century fresco remnants. The northern aisle, dedicated to Saints Constantine and Helen, was added in the 16th century. Frescoes, though partially lost, portray scenes like the Nativity of Mary, Annunciation, Ascension, and Second Coming, alongside saints such as Gregory, Romanos, and Panteleimon. Restored in 2012, it is a testament to Byzantine artistic and religious heritage.
Panagia of Thronos
The Church of Panagia in Thronos, Crete, a single-nave Byzantine structure from around 1300 AD, stands on a 5th-6th century Early Christian basilica. Its interior features 14th-15th century frescoes and the Kallergis family coat of arms, reflecting Byzantine patronage. The church's location on Kephala hill, ancient Syvritos, highlights its strategic importance, controlling access to Phaistos and Gortyna. Thronos itself, with roots in the Late Minoan period, was a significant Roman and Byzantine center, serving as the seat of the Bishopric of Syvritos. The church remains active and open to visitors, showcasing well-preserved artistic and historical elements.
Panagia, Minoa - Pediada
Panagia, a village in the Municipality of Minoa Pediada, Heraklion, Crete, is located 36 km southeast of Heraklion city at an altitude of 360 meters. The village has a rich history dating back to the Venetian period in the 13th century, with evidence of a Venetian castle and the Byzantine Monastery of Panagia Psomopoula. The village is mentioned in various historical records from 1577 onwards, including Venetian and Turkish censuses. Today, Panagia is an active village with a primarily agricultural economy focused on olive oil production. The village also features several landmarks, including the Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos, the Church of Agios Dimitrios, the Church of Agios Konstantinos, a Venetian fountain, the Church of Agia Triada, and a traditional olive mill.
Panorama, Minoas - Pediada
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Panorama, formerly Gournia, sits at the foot of Gurniani Korfi hill in Crete, 29.5 kilometers from Heraklion, and offers magnificent views. Records suggest it may have been a Venetian fief, evidenced by a coat of arms in the church of Agios Georgios. During the Ottoman period, it was mainly a Muslim village. After the Asia Minor Disaster, Greek refugees settled there, embracing local customs and focusing on agriculture, especially viticulture. The village has churches like Agios Georgios, Agios Fanourios, and Agia Marina. The name "Gournia" likely came from the small basins at the village spring. Historical accounts mention a Byzantine church, possibly Agios Georgios Styronas. The village relied on agriculture, producing grapes, raisins, olive oil, and cereals. Viticulture remains important to the local economy. "Panorama" was adopted in 1951 due to the village's stunning views. Local legends speak of caves with hidden treasures.
Pantanassa, Amari
Located in the Amari Valley on the northern foothills of Mount Katsonisi (480m altitude), Pantanassa is approximately 29 km southeast of Rethymno. With potential pre-Greek origins ("Antanassos"), it appears in 16th-century Venetian and later Ottoman censuses. The village participated in Cretan uprisings and preserves unique cultural traditions like old dances and rizitika songs. Historically significant sites include the location of a 12th-century Byzantine church (now rebuilt as the Dormition of the Theotokos) and several other churches like Saint John the Theologian/Holy Trinity and the Transfiguration. The economy relies on animal husbandry and agriculture (olive oil, vegetables). Current challenges include geological instability causing subsidence, leading to discussions about potential relocation.
Papadiokampos Minoan House
Minoan harbor town on Crete's coast between Mochlos and Petras, active from Protopalatial to Late Minoan I (LM I). Linked to nearby Petras, it suffered destruction in LM IB, possibly due to the Thera eruption. Excavations, particularly of House A.1, uncovered a two-story building, ceramics like cooking pots and evidence of seafood soup, stone tools (querns, pounders), and metal artifacts, suggesting sudden abandonment. Residents practiced farming (grapes, cereals, olives), fishing (notably shellfish), and wine production. Evidence from House B.1 points to metal and textile trade, indicating social stratification. Craft specialization included purple dye production.
Papagiannades, Siteia
Papagiannades, a village in Sitia, Crete, boasts a history dating back to the Minoan era, evidenced by settlement remains. First mentioned in 1834, its name derives from its settlers. The Venetian-era church of Panagia Eleousa, with frescoes from 1363-64, stands as a landmark. Known for high-quality olive oil, the village features a historic oil mill. Papagiannades offers a glimpse into traditional Cretan life, with narrow streets and hospitable residents, surrounded by olive groves. The village population, 69 in 2021, reflects its quiet charm.
Paranymfoi, Archanes - Asterousia
Paranymfoi is a small, picturesque village nestled in the Asterousia Mountains of Crete, with a history stretching back to the 13th century. The village is mentioned in Venetian records and Ottoman censuses, bearing testament to its long history. The rugged terrain has contributed to a strong sense of community and self-reliance among its inhabitants, who have traditionally been involved in agriculture and animal husbandry.
Paranymfoi's strategic location made it an important stopover for travelers and traders in the past. Today, it continues to attract visitors with its stunning panoramic views, which include the Libyan Sea. The village also serves as a starting point for exploring the Asterousia Mountains, offering a unique blend of natural beauty and historical significance.
A small folklore museum, established by the local cultural association, showcases the traditional way of life in the region. The museum houses a collection of old objects used in weaving, storage, agricultural work, and various household items. The church of Agios Pavlos, with its remnants of frescoes, stands as a reminder of the village's rich past. Paranymfoi's enduring presence and unique character make it a hidden gem in the tapestry of Cretan history.
Pelekita Cave, Zakros
Pelekita Cave, on Crete's east coast, features Neolithic and Minoan finds. Excavations reveal pottery, tools, and animal bones, detailing early Aegean life. Neolithic strata include debates on dating and regional connections to the Cyclades and Anatolia. The cave's use spanned from the Paleolithic to the Minoan period, with a volcanic ash layer linking it to the Thera eruption. Domestic features like hearths and a possible sheep-pen suggest varied uses. Ongoing analysis aims to clarify the cave’s chronology and significance, showing its role in understanding Crete’s prehistory. The cave contains five chambers, stalactites, stalagmites, and a freshwater source.
Perivolakia, Siteia
Perivolakia, a small village in Sitia, Lasithi, Crete, consists of two settlements, Epano and Kato Perivolakia. Near Kato Perivolakia lies Pezoulas. The village is known for the Perivolakia or Kapsa Gorge, a 4.5km gorge with steep walls, and the nearby pre-Minoan Vournoferto cave with hunting scenes. Historically, Perivolakia is first mentioned in the 1881 census. Other sights include the deserted monastery of Panagia, caves in Kalo Nero, the Monastery of Kapsa, the old church of Agioi Saranta, beaches like Ammoudi, and the deserted settlement of Pezoulas. The village had 21 residents in 2011.
Petras Minoan settlement
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Located near Siteia in eastern Crete, this significant Minoan archaeological site shows continuous occupation from Final Neolithic (ca. 4000 BCE) to Byzantine eras. Excavations reveal a small palace, first built in MM IIA, destroyed around 1700 BCE (MM IIB), rebuilt in Neopalatial (MM III-LM IB), and destroyed again in LM IB. Features include a central court, magazines, ashlar masonry, and the best-preserved Minoan hieroglyphic archive. A few Linear A inscriptions were also found. The palace was the center of an urban settlement with houses, evidence of pottery, textile, and purple dye production, and Protopalatial/LM III fortifications. Limited Postpalatial (LM III) reoccupation occurred. The site offers key insights into Minoan regional administration and economy in eastern Crete.
Petrokefali, Phaistos
Petrokefali, a village in the Municipality of Phaistos, Crete, has a long history, dating back to Venetian censuses where it was recorded as Petrochieffali. The village is located at the 59.3rd kilometer of the road to Matala. In 2021, its population was 813. The inhabitants are mainly engaged in agriculture, particularly olive growing and the cultivation of citrus fruits and early vegetables. Historically, the area was also known for rice cultivation. Petrokefali has a Cultural Association of Ladies, an Adult Education Center, a kindergarten, and a primary school. The village is also known for its connection to the Cretan Revolution against the Ottomans, particularly through figures like Michael Kourmoulis and Xopateras. The abandoned village of Flambanochori, located south of Petrokefali, is believed to have been deserted due to the devastating plague of 1592.
Piskokefalo, Siteia
Piskokéfalo, a large village in Siteia, Crete, was a Venetian fiefdom of the Kornaros family, including poet Vitsentzos Kornaros. The village features a restored Kornaros residence and watermill, intended as a museum. Near Katrinia hill, a rural temple with Minoan artifacts was unearthed, and a Minoan mansion's ruins remain. Piskokéfalo was the Turkish administration seat until 1871. The nearby ruined settlement of Trapezonda, also linked to the Kornaros family, was destroyed multiple times, including by Barbarossa. The village's population has fluctuated over time, reaching 642 residents in 2011.
Platanos Minoan tholos tombs
The Minoan tholos tombs at Platanos, located in the Messara Plain of Crete, are significant archaeological remains from the Prepalatial period (c. 3200-2000 BC). Excavated in the early 20th century, the site features three tholos tombs (circular, beehive-shaped burial chambers) and a paved courtyard. The tombs, labeled A, B, and C, vary in size and preservation. Tomb A, the largest, has an internal diameter of 13 meters. The tombs contained many artifacts, including seals, figurines, pottery vessels, stone vessels, gold jewelry, and bronze tools. These findings provide valuable insights into Minoan funerary practices and material culture during the Prepalatial period. The presence of imported objects, such as an ancient Babylonian cylinder seal and Egyptian scarabs, also highlights the extensive trade networks that connected Crete with other civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Platanos, Gortyna
Platanos, a village in Heraklion, Crete, near the Mesara Plain, is known for olive oil production. The village's history includes an 1878 protest regarding aid and taxation. Near Platanos lies an Early Minoan settlement with tholos tombs, discovered in 1915. First recorded in 1834, the village has a church dedicated to Agios Georgios and a primary school. Platanos is part of the municipality of Gortyna.
Plora, Gortyna
Plora, a village in Gortyna, Crete, sits on Asterousia's foothills at 180m altitude. Likely named after ancient Pyloros, its ruins lie west of the village. First mentioned in 1583 with 167 residents, Plora's economy centers on olive cultivation, with vast groves and oil production. The Plorianos River dam supports citrus farming. Religious sites include Despotis Christos, Annunciation churches, and Agios Antonios, Agios Georgios o Kalamiaris, and Agios Panteleimon chapels. The 2021 population was 194.
Potamies, Chersonissos
Potamies (Ποταμιές) is a historic Cretan village in Chersonissos, near Heraklion. Mentioned in the 1583 Castrofylakas census, it features the abandoned Byzantine monastery of Panagia Gouverniotissa, with preserved frescoes, and the 15th-century church of the Transfiguration of the Savior. The village sits on the Aposelemis River, amid olive groves and lush vegetation. Its history includes Venetian influence, with a notable aqueduct supplying ancient Chersonissos. Potamies offers traditional Cretan cuisine and hospitality, with cultural events held at the monastery. The nearby Aposelemis Dam and the Dikti Natura 2000 area add to its appeal. The village's population has fluctuated over time, from 153 in 1583 to 348 in 2021.
Presos (Praisos) ancient settlement
Located in eastern Crete's Siteia peninsula, this significant archaeological site occupies two hills near the Siteia river. It was a major settlement from the Late Minoan through Hellenistic periods, notably associated with the Eteocretans, considered the original Cretans. Evidence dates back to the Neolithic. Key periods include Late Minoan (tombs, refuge settlements), Archaic (city-state formation, Eteocretan inscriptions), Classical (flourishing inland city-state controlling territory), and Hellenistic (destruction by Hierapytna around 140 BCE). The site saw reoccupation in the Middle Byzantine and Venetian periods. Archaeological finds include Eteocretan inscriptions, LM III tombs, Archaic sanctuaries (Altar Hill), architectural remains (houses, possible Andreion), pottery, and pithoi. The distinct Eteocretan language and identity are crucial aspects. The city lacked walls but had a nearby fort. Agriculture and textile production were likely economic activities.
Profitis Ilias, Heraklion
Profitis Ilias, formerly Kanli Kastelli, is a historic village in Heraklion, Crete, at the foot of Rokka hill. Ancient Lykastos' acropolis stood here. The Byzantines built Temenos fortress, later fortified by Venetians (Castello Temene). Ottomans renamed it Kanli Kastelli ("Bloody Fortress"). Known for agricultural production, particularly grapes, raisins, olive oil, and wine, the village has a population of 1,320. It features a Citizens' Service Centre, police station, schools, a medical clinic, and several churches.
Psalida abandoned village
Psalida (Ψαλίδα), an abandoned village in Gergeri, Crete, offers a glimpse into the island's past. Dating back to the 16th century, the village was once home to farmers, as evidenced by animal feeders found in the ruins. Historical records from 1583 mention Psalida as a dependency of Gergeri with 60 inhabitants. Today, only the stone houses remain, standing as a testament to the traditional way of life. Psalida's location provides stunning views of the surrounding countryside. The village is a reminder of Crete's rich history, including the Greek War of Independence and conflicts between the Christian and Muslim populations.
Raptis, the Abandoned Settlement near Ano Moulia
Raptis, an abandoned settlement in Crete near Gergeri, features Venetian origins, as indicated by a 1414 document, and an Ottoman-era "koules" observation post. Situated east of the Lithaios River, it overlooks the Messara plain. The village, built with local fieldstones, has been uninhabited since the 1960s, preserving traditional architecture. It once exported grain and cheese to Italy, suggesting prior prosperity. The reasons for its abandonment remain unclear. The site's history spans the Venetian (1204-1669) and Ottoman (1669-1898) periods, and restoration for visitor accommodations has been proposed.
Rethymno, Rethymno
Rethymno, the capital of the Rethymno regional unit, is a historic city on the north coast of Crete, Greece. Built on the site of the ancient Minoan city of Rithymna, Rethymno boasts a rich history spanning from the Neolithic period to the modern day. The city has been ruled by the Minoans, Byzantines, Venetians, and Ottomans, each leaving their mark on its culture and architecture. Rethymno's Venetian-era old town is one of the best-preserved in Greece, featuring landmarks like the Fortezza, Porta Guora, Rimóndi Fountain, and the Loggia. The city also has several Ottoman monuments, including the Ibrahim Khan Mosque, Veli Pasha Mosque, Valide Sultan Mosque, and Neratze Mosque. Rethymno's cultural heritage is further enriched by the Municipal Garden, Mikrasiaton Square, and numerous churches, museums, and statues. The city is also home to the University of Crete and the Hellenic Mediterranean University.
Roman tombs on Gra Mantra
Agios Thomas, a Cretan mountain village, features distinctive rock-cut architecture, including Minoan wine presses and Roman tombs. The area, marked by impressive rock formations and natural caves, hosts Byzantine churches and lush greenery. Gra Mantra, a burial monument, contains numerous Roman tombs. A chapel of Kera Spiliotissa near Ardachtia displays a Greco-Roman inscription indicating a sanctuary dedicated to Larki Artemis, Demeter, and Kore. Evidence suggests a cult dedicated to chthonic deities, with local customs reflecting this. The village, part of the Gortyna Municipality, is rich in water and orchards, with a unique geological landscape.
Roufas, Phaistos
Roufas, a village in Heraklion, Crete, has a history dating back to the Venetian era, evidenced by censuses from 1583 recording 424 inhabitants. During Ottoman rule, the village was inhabited solely by Turks. Today, Roufas is a smaller settlement with a population of 71 (2021), serving as the seat of the Roufas community within Phaistos municipality. The village features the main church of Saint Basil and several smaller churches dedicated to various saints. Plouti, a smaller settlement nearby, is also part of the Roufas community. Plouti's population was 48 in 2011. Historical records show Plouti had 146 inhabitants during the Venetian period.
Rouma abandoned village near Alagni
Rouma, a deserted village east of Alagni in Crete, takes its name from the Cretan word for "river stream." The village, formerly abundant in oak and pine trees, was abandoned after a plague outbreak. Survivors relocated to Alagni. Despite its abandonment, Rouma is remembered for the church of Panagia tou Roumatou (Virgin Mary of Rouma), a landmark that remains historically and religiously significant. A 1630 census recognized Rouma as a separate village. The restored church of Panagia tou Roumatou is a reminder of Rouma's past, with excavated sacred vessels further highlighting its history.
Roussospiti, Rethymno
Roussospiti, located in the Rethymno region of Crete, is a historic village dating back to the 12th century. Its name is believed to originate either from a distinctive red house built during the Venetian period or from a Russian woman who constructed a house there. The village's history is marked by Venetian and Ottoman influences, evident in its architecture and landmarks. Roussospiti played a role in the Cretan revolts against the Ottomans, particularly in 1822 and 1866. Notable landmarks include the 14th-century Church of the Entrance of the Theotokos with its well-preserved frescoes, a 17th-century Venetian fountain, and traditional Venetian-era houses. The Cave of Lygeri, located south of the village, is associated with local legends and served as a hiding place during conflicts. Roussospiti comprises the old village with neighborhoods like Pano Rouga, Kato Rouga, and Mesochori, and a newer expansion area with neighborhoods like Koprana, Nekrotafeiou, and Chalikia. The village holds festivals (panigiria) to celebrate religious occasions.
Ruined Church of Michail Archangelos
Located in the fertile Kaminos valley, shared by Skalani, Prassa, and Kallithea villages in Crete, stands the ruined Church of Michail Archangelos. This Venetian-era structure, situated in the Kavousi area, was historically significant due to its proximity to a vital year-round spring. Once part of a medieval settlement, the church is now partially collapsed but remains more intact than the nearby ruined Christos church. Its state underscores the impact of time and possibly seismic events, highlighting the region's vulnerability, as evidenced by the 2021 Arkalochori earthquakes, necessitating preservation efforts for Cretan cultural heritage.
Schinokapsala, Ierapetra
Schinokapsala, a village in eastern Crete, sits on Mount Thrypti's southern slopes, overlooking the Libyan Sea. Its history includes Minoan presence, Venetian records dating to 1577, and Ottoman-era habitation. The village, mentioned in Venetian censuses, was repopulated by farmers. Agios Georgios church features frescoes. Near Achlia, Mavros Kolympos, and Galini beaches, Schinokapsala combines mountain scenery with coastal access.
Sfaka, Siteia
Sfaka, a village in Lasithi, Crete, is located between Siteia and Agios Nikolaos. Its name originates from the "sfakes" (bitter oleanders) near a spring. First mentioned in Venetian censuses, Sfaka has a rich history, including a Minoan tomb and a 17th-century church. The village is divided into upper and lower sections by the main road. Agios Andreas, a coastal settlement within Sfaka, offers tourist accommodations. Gennadios Syllignakis, a local resistance figure, was executed by the Germans during WWII. The village also has a primary school and a kindergarten.
Siderospilia near Roufas
Siderospilia, meaning "Iron Caves," is a complex of three interconnected chambers carved into limestone bedrock near Roufas, Crete. Its purpose is debated, with theories ranging from blacksmith workshop to Roman-era burial site. Chamber 1 features a broken supporting column, roof opening, and stone bench. Chamber 2 is larger, with niches for burials. Chamber 3 resembles an early Christian church, with a dividing wall and door. Local legends link the cave to blacksmiths, ghosts, and eerie sounds. Some believe it was a dwelling before becoming a necropolis. The cave's location near a stream and possible ancient structures adds to its significance. Siderospilia is accessible but lacks official signage.
Sitanos, Siteia
Sitanos, a village in Lasithi, Crete, sits at 620 meters altitude and is linked to ancient Itanos. The Exo Latsidi cave, one of Crete's largest, is nearby. Sitanos appears in Ottoman (1671) and Egyptian (1834) censuses. The village has an Ottoman fountain and the abandoned Zakathos settlement. Its population has fluctuated, from 168 in 1881 to 27 in 2021.
Siteia, Siteia
Siteia, a coastal town in eastern Crete, boasts a rich history dating back to ancient Greece. Possibly the birthplace of Myson, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Siteia's historical significance is evident in its landmarks like the Kazarma fortress, a Venetian-era structure, and remnants of an Early Christian church and Roman fish tanks. The Archaeological Museum houses artifacts spanning millennia, including a collection of vessels and Linear A tablets. Today, Siteia is a vibrant town with a mixed economy of agriculture, handicrafts, and tourism. Visitors can enjoy various beaches, including Siteia Beach and Vai Beach, and explore the local culture at the Folklore Museum and the Museum - Exhibition of local products. The town is easily accessible by road, air, and sea, with Siteia Airport offering connections to various destinations.
Skalia, Siteia
Skalia, a small village in Crete's Sitia region, is known for its 19th-century resistance against Turkish rulers. The villagers' bravery became legendary, but their resistance led to a tragic end. Betrayed by a priest, the villagers were massacred by Turks. Today, Skalia lies in ruins, with only the Church of Agios Georgios and one house remaining. The village wall and spring are still visible. The tragedy occurred in the late 17th or early 18th century, and is commemorated annually.
Skaniari Lakkos
Skaniari Lakkos, a Minoan cemetery complex located in the Asterousia Mountains of southern Crete, provides valuable insights into Minoan burial practices and social organization during the Bronze Age. It features five distinct burial structures, including two tholos tombs and three rectangular buildings, each containing multiple chambers and showcasing a variety of architectural styles. These structures date back to the Final Neolithic period (c. 3500 BC) to the Middle Minoan IB period (c. 1900 BC). Excavations at Skaniari Lakkos have yielded a wealth of artifacts, including pottery vessels, stone tools, jewelry, and seals, providing information about Minoan material culture, artistic expression, and trade networks. The presence of imported goods suggests connections with other regions in the Aegean and beyond. The site's remote location and the monumental nature of the burial structures underscore the importance of death and the afterlife in Minoan society. Skaniari Lakkos is part of a broader network of Minoan settlements and burial sites in the Asterousia region, including Trypiti, Doukiania, and the tholos tombs of Kefali and Moni Odigitria.
Skinias, Minoa - Pediada
Skinias, a village on the eastern slope of a hill, 51.4 km from Heraklion, Crete, has a rich history dating back to the Minoan era. The name 'Skinias' comes from the Pistacia lentiscus shrub, once believed to grow on the roof of the village church, Agios Antonios. Near the ancient city of Priansos, the area boasts archaeological findings from the Minoan, Hellenistic, and Byzantine periods. First documented in 1373, Skinias was under Venetian rule in 1583 and became part of the Monofatsi province in 1867. During the Turkish occupation, it remained solely inhabited by Christians. Today, the village relies on agriculture, producing olive oil, cereals, and raisins. With a kindergarten, primary school, gymnasium, and a cultural association, Skinias fosters a strong community spirit.
Sklavokambos
The Sklavokampos Farm Estate, a significant Late Minoan period archaeological site in Crete, Greece, offers a unique window into Minoan life. Discovered in 1930, the estate is located southwest of Heraklion, near Tylissos. The estate's strategic location near the Minoan road network and the fertile Messara Plain suggests it played a crucial role in agricultural production and trade. The estate's architecture is simpler than Minoan palaces, featuring 17 rooms across three levels. The site includes a main room with artifacts like a clay ox head, a Late Minoan IB jug, and a stone rhyton. Sealings from Sklavokampos have been found at other Minoan sites such as Zakros, Gournia, and Hagia Triada, indicating connections across Crete. The estate also housed a small shrine, storerooms for agricultural products, and a toilet with an underground drain. Evidence suggests the estate was part of a larger settlement destroyed by fire, possibly during the Late Minoan IB period.
Skopi, Siteia
Skopi, a village in Sitia, Lasithi, Eastern Crete, is known for an ancient olive press dating back to the Greek or Roman period. First officially mentioned in 1925, Skopi has a rich history. The village is the seat of the Skopi community, which includes Xerocampos, Panagia Faneromeni, Papadiokampos, and Sarantapechos. The population of Skopi is 524 (2021 census). The olive press, found in the "Proskefala" area, suggests olive oil production in the region during antiquity. The large stone base features a circular groove and tank. The dating of the olive press is debated, with some suggesting the Greek period and others the Roman period. Skopi is 7 kilometers from Sitia.
Skourvoula, Phaistos
Skourvoula, a village and seat in Phaistos municipality, Heraklion, sits on Mt. Sanida's southern slopes at 350m, offering Messara Plain views, 60km from Heraklion. Its name means "sorrel." Documented since the Venetian era (Scurvula, Scurgulla), it had 104 residents in 1583. A tragic WWII event saw 40 residents executed in 1944 (memorial present). Population peaked at 428 in 2001, then slightly declined to 423 in 2011. The community engages in agriculture (olives, grapes) and livestock farming (dairy). Key features include the Hypapanti church in the central square and chapels (Agia Anna, Agia Paraskevi, Agios Nikolaos, Agios Nektarios). Celebrations occur on February 2nd. Educational facilities include a kindergarten and primary school. Its history spans Venetian and Ottoman periods.
Small Labyrinth cave
The Small Labyrinth Cave, or Labyrinthaki Cave, is an ancient 300-square-meter quarry located 50 kilometers south of Heraklion, between Plouti and Moroni, Crete. Used for stone in Minoan Phaistos, Agia Triada, and Roman Gortys, it features columns and labyrinthine passages. Distinguishing it from the larger Labyrinth Cave on the same hill, it has a depth of 120 meters and shares similar geological formations. Local tradition suggests secret passages connect the two caves, despite rockfall blockages. This site offers insights into ancient quarrying and Crete's historical architecture.
Steironas, Minoas - Pediada
Steironas, located on a hill, 10 km west of Arkalochori, Crete, has a history from the Venetian period, Ottoman rule, and Greek-Turkish population exchange. It's known for the Myragapi Traditional Folklore Rakokazano, showcasing traditional production of wine and tsikoudia, and the late Byzantine church of Panagia with frescoes and an icon of the Virgin Mary.
Sternes, Gortyna
Sternes, a village in Heraklion, Crete, has a history dating back to the 13th century. Its name comes from the Greek word "sterna," meaning cistern, referencing a large Roman-era cistern located west of the village.
Sternes is in the foothills of the Asterousia Mountains. The village has been documented in historical records as early as 1271. Today, Sternes remains an agricultural community with a population of around 420, focused on the cultivation of olives and grapes for raisins.
Sternes has several churches and chapels, including the church of the Presentation of the Virgin Mary, the church of Saint John, and the chapels of Agia Paraskevi and Panagia. The village also has a cultural association, a kindergarten, and an elementary school.
Strouboulas Massif
Located in Crete's Malevizi Province near Tylissos and visible from Heraklion, this mountain range features a prominent peak (798m) noted for its conical shape. Historically called "Stroggylo," Venetians named it after Stromboli. The range includes the Strouboulas plateau, south of the ridge, formed on limestone ("Tripoli" zone), leading to karstic features like the Tafkos tou Palmetis chasm, linked to Ottoman-era resistance. Vegetation is sparse, dominated by Kermes Oak due to overgrazing. A seasonal lake forms on the plateau, its water often reddish from soil runoff. Historical significance includes Minoan foothill settlements, the Timios Stavros chapel (Holy Cross) on the summit mentioned in 1415, possibly on an older site, and the Agios Georgios chapel ruins below, once a monastery dependency. Access to the peak involves a path from the plateau offering panoramic views.
The Abandoned Village of Apolycnos
Apolycnos, a now deserted village near Moires in southern Crete, offers a glimpse into traditional Cretan life. Mentioned as Apolchino in 1248, the village's population dwindled throughout the 20th century due to urbanization. Despite abandonment, the village's stone buildings and the church of Saint Panteleimon remain, reflecting its history from the Byzantine era through Venetian rule and later periods. The surrounding landscape includes a small gorge. Population records from 1583 to 2021 document the village's decline.
The Abandoned Village of Velouli near Apoini
Velouli, a deserted village 44 km south of Heraklion, Crete, boasts a 400-year history. Once inhabited by Cretan Muslims and Asia Minor refugees, it played a key role in WWII's Cretan resistance. The Valavanis family housed resistance figures like Podias, Petrakogiorgis, and the Bantouvas brothers. The village features the Byzantine church of Panagia Velouliani, with an inscription dating back to 1209. Though abandoned today, with residents migrating to Apoini, Velouli's deserted houses and resilient church stand as testaments to its rich past.
The Acropolis of Onithe
The Acropolis of Onithe, a Hellenistic-era fortress potentially dating back to 1400 BC, occupies a strategic position on the Onithe plateau at 638 meters elevation. The site features a pseudo-isodomic wall enclosing a right-angled area with 12-meter sides and remnants of a defensive tower. A steep, natural cliff forms the southern boundary of the acropolis. The site's location provided control over key passages and access to the settlement, underscoring its strategic significance in ancient Crete. Pottery finds suggest the possibility of earlier settlement phases dating back to the Proto-Minoan and Late Minoan periods. The acropolis, referred to locally as 'Ntapia,' meaning fortification, likely played a role in Cretan revolts in 1821, 1878, and 1897.
The Archaeological Museum of Agios Nikolaos
8:30 am - 3:30 pm
The Archaeological Museum of Agios Nikolaos, Crete, houses a remarkable collection of artifacts spanning from the Neolithic period to the end of the Greco-Roman era. Established in 1970, the museum showcases the evolution of art and culture in Eastern Crete. The collection includes finds from the Early Minoan cemetery of Agia Fotia and the Minoan palace of Malia. One of the most renowned objects is the "Goddess of Myrtos," a unique libation vessel from the Pre-palatial period. The museum's rectangular building features eight exhibition halls arranged around a central atrium, facilitating a clear and intuitive flow for visitors. The museum actively engages with the public through temporary exhibitions and educational programs. It is open from 08:30 to 15:30, closed on Tuesdays. Ticket prices vary depending on the season, with combined tickets available for multiple archaeological sites and museums in the region.
The Archaeological Site of Onithe
Onithe, an archaeological site near Goulediana in Rethymno, Crete, offers a glimpse into the island's history from the Neolithic period to the Venetian and Ottoman eras. Its strategic location on a plateau provided control over key passages and natural defenses. The site features ruins like the Acropolis with its pseudo-isodomic walls and tower, House A with its abundance of pottery and pithoi, an ancient spring and possible sanctuary, and a Paleochristian Basilica with well-preserved mosaics.
The ancient name of the city remains uncertain, with scholarly attempts to identify it as Osmida or Phalanna remaining inconclusive. It may have been an early settlement center for ancient Rhithymna. The site has yielded artifacts like pottery shards, a bronze zodiac, exquisite metalwork, and sculptures, providing evidence of its prosperity and cultural vibrancy throughout the Minoan, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods.
The Gious Kampos Plateau
Gious Kampos is an ecologically important high-altitude plateau (750m avg. elevation) in the Amari Valley administrative area, Rethymno, Crete, situated on the northwest side of Mount Kentros. Its geology, combining clay rocks with limestone outcrops, fosters unique hydrology and fertile soil. The name potentially derives from "Plain of Eos" (dawn) or "Plain of the Goats." Designated a Natura 2000 site, it's renowned for exceptional biodiversity, serving as the primary habitat for the protected endemic Cretan red tulip, Tulipa doerfleri. The plateau also hosts a remarkable density and variety of orchids, including Orchis italica and Neotinea tridentata. Historically and currently vital for agriculture (cereals, vegetables, fruit trees) and pastoralism for surrounding villages like Spili and Kissos.
The Koules of Koxare
The Koules of Koxare is an Ottoman-era fortress located near Koxare village at the entrance of Kourtaliotiko Gorge in Rethymno Prefecture, Crete. Built between 1866 and 1869, it was part of a network of fortifications designed to control movement and quell rebellions on the island. The Koules is characterized by a large internal courtyard, thick stone walls, and remnants of arched structures. Partially destroyed in 1896 during the Cretan revolution, it stands as a testament to the island's struggle for freedom from Ottoman rule. Despite its deteriorated state, the Koxare Koules remains an important historical landmark with potential for preservation and tourism development.
The Minoan Settlement and Cemetery at Koumasa
Koumasa, an important Minoan archaeological site in southern Crete, is located about 15 km south of Gortyn. The site is significant for its Prepalatial cemetery and Minoan settlement, providing insights into the lives and customs of the Minoans during the Prepalatial period.
The Cemetery at Koumasa consists of three circular tholos tombs, a square tomb, and a circular ossuary. Excavations uncovered artifacts, including a clay figurine depicting a bull-leaping scene, Cycladic figurines, stone offering tables, and gold jewelry.
The Minoan settlement at Koumasa is located on a hill overlooking the cemetery. Excavations have revealed an extensive settlement with evidence of domestic and industrial activities. The presence of large walls suggests the existence of substantial buildings.
The Minoan villa at Vathypetro
The Vathypetro Minoan Villa, located near Archanes, Crete, reveals insights into elite Minoan life and economic activities during the Late Minoan IA and IB periods (1600-1425 BC).
Initially a residential complex with palatial features like reception halls and a tripartite shrine, it later evolved into an industrial hub with olive presses, workshops for pottery, wine, and textiles, and storage areas. Architectural details include pier-and-door partitions, columns, and a shrine aligned with equinoxes, suggesting ritual and agricultural connections. The villa’s strategic location on a Minoan route from Knossos to the Messara plain and evidence of Linear A documents highlight its administrative and economic significance. The site offers a glimpse into the sophisticated organization and resourcefulness of Minoan society.
The Necropolis of Phourni
The Phourni necropolis, near Archanes, Crete, is a significant Minoan burial site used from the Early Minoan II (EM II) to the Late Minoan IIIC (LM IIIC) periods. It features a variety of tomb types, including tholos tombs, rectangular tombs, and composite tombs, reflecting the evolution of Minoan funerary architecture and burial practices over time. Tholos tombs are beehive-shaped structures used for collective burials, while rectangular tombs resemble houses, suggesting a symbolic connection between the house of the living and the house of the dead. Composite tombs combine elements of both tholos and rectangular tomb architecture.
The necropolis has yielded a wealth of grave goods, including pottery, stone vases, metal objects, jewelry, and figurines, providing insights into the social structures and religious beliefs of the Minoans. The variety of tomb types and grave goods reflects the prosperity and social complexity of the Archanes valley. The architectural features and artistic motifs found at Phourni resonate with those found at Knossos, indicating cultural homogeneity and interaction between these two important centers. The religious beliefs of the Minoans are also reflected in the finds at Phourni, with religious symbols and ritual objects suggesting a belief in an afterlife and elaborate burial rituals.
The Phourni necropolis is the richest burial site in Crete and provides a unique glimpse into the burial practices, social structures, and religious beliefs of the Minoan civilization.
The Settlement of Vitsilia
Vitsilia, an abandoned medieval village in Crete, provides valuable insights into fortified settlements of the era. Located in Monofatsi, Heraklion, the village was inhabited by villeins and free peasants. A 1387 document reveals details about its structure, including a northern wall, two entrances, and two towers. The village, with a naturally fortified position, likely served as a watchtower in earlier times. Archaeological evidence suggests the presence of houses, a church, and a cemetery. Despite its small size, with a population never exceeding 60, Vitsilia holds historical significance. Today, five houses and the Venetian-era Church of the Holy Cross have been restored.
Tholoi Fortress near Alagni
The Tholoi Fortress, near Alagni, Crete, dates to the 16th-17th century, reflecting Venetian and Ottoman periods. Situated on a hilltop, it served as a strategic point for surveillance and defense. Its design shows Venetian villa influences, with local stone construction. The fortress, now in ruins, experienced damage, including from the 2021 Arkalochori earthquake, but the outer wall remains. Nearby, the 15th-16th century Church of Agioi Apostoloi, bearing the Corner family crest, suggests a connection to the fortress, possibly as a spiritual center. The fortress, with dimensions of 15 by 9 meters, played a role in Venetian-Ottoman conflicts and potentially as a Turkish "koules" during the 1866-1869 Cretan Revolution.
Tholos Tomb of Kamilari
The Tholos Tomb of Kamilari, located on a coastal hill near Phaistos in Crete, is the largest and most well-preserved Minoan tholos tomb. Constructed around 1900 BC, it offers valuable insights into Minoan funerary practices. The tomb's proximity to Agia Triada and Phaistos suggests a connection to the elites of these settlements. The Kamilari cemetery includes three tholos tombs, with Tholos A being the most preserved, featuring a circular chamber, external rooms, and an open-air courtyard. Tholos B and C are partially preserved, with Tholos C repurposed as a shrine dedicated to Demeter and Kore. A research project is underway to study the cemetery, including its stratigraphy, artifacts, and human remains. The project aims to understand the changing mortuary behavior and social choices of the communities who used the cemetery over centuries.
Thronos, Amari
Situated at 540 meters on the western foothills of Psiloritis, 32 kilometers from Rethymno, the village overlooks the Amari valley. Its location is near Throniani Kefala hill, the site of the ancient city of Sybritos, inhabited since the Late Minoan II period and flourishing from Archaic to Roman times, connecting Crete's north and south coasts and minting currency. During the second Byzantine period, it possibly served as the seat of the bishop of Sybritos, influencing its name ("throne"). Historical mentions include Barozzi (1577), Venetian censuses (1583, 1630), and various Egyptian and Greek censuses tracking population changes from 76 inhabitants in 1900 to 65 in 2011. Today, it retains traditional charm with some tourist facilities and belongs to the Municipality of Amari.
Thrypti, Ierapetra
Thrypti is a small mountain settlement in eastern Crete, within the municipality of Ierapetra, Lasithi. Nestled in the Thrypti mountains, near the Ha Gorge and Afentis Christos peak, it boasts a unique pine forest. The village has historical significance, with evidence of Minoan and Byzantine settlements. Landmarks include the churches of Nativity of Theotokos, Agios Ioannis Prodromos, Timios Stavros, and Agia Anna. The economy is based on viticulture and animal husbandry, though many residents have relocated. Access is via paved road from Pano Chorio and dirt roads from Oreino and Kavousi.
Toplou monastery
Toplou Monastery, on Crete's eastern tip, is a fortified monastery showcasing Byzantine and Venetian architecture. Dating back to the 14th century with 17th-century fortifications, it played a key role in Cretan resistance during Ottoman rule. The monastery features a two-aisled basilica dedicated to the Virgin Mary, housing a remarkable collection of Byzantine icons and frescoes, and a museum with religious artifacts and folk art. Beyond its religious and historical significance, Toplou Monastery is known for its agricultural heritage, producing high-quality organic wine and olive oil. It stands as a cultural landmark, attracting visitors with its history, architecture, and scenic location, while remaining an active monastery and cultural center.
Tower of Eleutherna
The Tower of Eleutherna, located at the acropolis's southern entrance, functioned as a key defensive point, likely dating to the Byzantine period and built on older foundations. Its strategic position on a narrow col guarded the city's access. Historical records by Buondelmonti (1415) and Pococke (1739), along with maps, note its existence and fortification significance. The partially restored structure provides archaeological insights into its construction and historical role.
Traostalos Peak Sanctuary
The Traostalos Peak Sanctuary, located 3.2 km from the palace of Zakros in Crete, dates back to the Final Neolithic period (1700-1450 BCE). The site, partially excavated, features votive offerings, terracotta figurines, animal replicas, a clay model of a ship, bronze needles, gold ribbons, various vessels, and Linear A inscriptions. The sanctuary's decline in LM IB coincides with the rise of the Zakros palace and other peak sanctuaries' abandonment, possibly due to ideological shifts, earthquakes, or the Thera eruption. The site's lack of monumental dedications or evidence of large-scale animal consumption suggests less political influence compared to other peak sanctuaries. The construction of the Zakros palace marked a shift towards a more hierarchical social and political organization, contrasting with the public ceremonies at Traostalos. The sanctuary's abandonment after the wider area's unification under the palace indicates its connection to the early stages of state formation in Minoan Crete.
Trypiti beach
Located on the southern coast of Crete's Heraklion prefecture within the Asterousia Mountains, approximately 57-73 km south of Heraklion city and 12 km east of Lendas. It sits at the exit of the Tripiti Gorge. The name relates to local geology and the Panagia Tripiti chapel cave. Access involves unpaved dirt tracks from Lendas or Vassiliki, often requiring a 4x4 vehicle, particularly the route through the narrow final gorge passage. The 400m beach features fine pebbles, clear, calm waters sheltered by Cape Fylakas, though it deepens quickly offshore. Tamarisk trees and cliffs offer shade. Despite difficult access, it's popular with locals and can be crowded. Basic tavernas are available, but no organized facilities exist. The area, part of Natura 2000, sees local caravan presence. Activities include swimming, snorkeling, hiking to nearby Minoan ruins of Papouri, and stargazing.
Trypitos Hellenistic settlement
Located on a promontory 1.5km east of modern Sitia, this site was a small, fortified town that flourished during the Hellenistic period (late 3rd to mid-2nd century BC). Possibly the ancient city of Setaia or Heteia, its strategic position offered natural defenses and access to two harbors. Excavations revealed a well-preserved naval shelter (neosoikos), indicating maritime trade. The discovery of coins marked "ΠΟ" suggests it might be Polichna, an autonomous city-state with its own mint. Its relationship with nearby sites like Petras is still researched. The city likely declined after the mid-2nd century BCE, though its later history is uncertain. It remains an active archaeological site under investigation.
Tsoutsouras
Located on Crete's S. coast (Heraklion), 63km S. of Heraklion town at the Mindris Gorge exit near the Asterousia Mountains. Site of ancient Inatos, Priansos' port. Features a ~2km sand/pebble beach with clear, calm, shallow waters, ideal for families, shaded by tamarisk trees. Organized with amenities like sunbeds, showers, and nearby tavernas. Local tradition attributes therapeutic qualities to the water. Accessible via a paved, winding mountain road. Nearby are Pera Tsoutsouras (shallow, sandy), Maridaki (pebble, isolated, gorge access), and Listis Beach (rocks). Offers a quiet, relaxing atmosphere.
Tympaki, Phaistos
Tympaki, also known as Tympakion, is a town in Crete, Greece, with a rich history dating back before its official recognition in 1925. Located in the Messara plain, 65 km southwest of Heraklion, Tympaki is known for its agricultural production (olives, fruits, vegetables) and proximity to beaches like Matala. The town was destroyed during WWII and later rebuilt, influencing its architecture. Its history includes a strategic airfield used during the war, now hosting motorsports events. Nearby are the archaeological sites of Phaistos and Agia Triada. The population has grown significantly since 1900, reaching approximately 5,000 today.
Vakiotes Acropolis
The Vakiotes Acropolis, located east of Sokaras village near Velouli and Apoini in Crete, is an archaeological site with dwellings and tombs carved into the rock. This unique construction, along with finds like wine presses and a Roman-era tomb, suggests a long period of occupation from the Geometric period to the Turkish era. The site's name and evidence of wine production may link it to the god Bacchus. Archaeological investigations have uncovered a tomb with silver denarii from the reigns of Roman emperors Vespasian, Trajan, and Domitian. The surrounding landscape also features remnants of a church and an old windmill. Declared a protected archaeological site in 2001, Vakiotes Acropolis offers a glimpse into ancient construction techniques and daily life.
Vasiliki, Ierapetra
Vasiliki, a village in Ierapetra, Lasithi, Crete, is known for its significant Minoan settlement dating from the Early Minoan II to the Late Minoan I periods (2600-1550 BC). The settlement, located on Kastelli hill, prospered due to its location on the Ierapetra isthmus and the surrounding fertile plain, near Gournia. Excavations by Harriet Boyd, Richard Seager, and Antonis Zois revealed Vasiliki-style pottery and confirmed Mycenaean fortification and aqueduct presence. The village's history includes mentions in the 1671 Turkish census, the 1834 Egyptian census, and subsequent population records. The settlement's central building was destroyed by fire around 2300 BC, but later reoccupation occurred, with Roman-era traces also found.
Vathy
Vathy Beach, a secluded haven on Crete's southern coast, is located 79 kilometers southwest of Heraklion and 17 kilometers south of Sivas, near Cape Lithino. The beach, nestled at the end of a gorge carved by the Vathy stream, is surrounded by towering cliffs that create a lagoon-like setting. Historically, it was a pirate hideaway and a hermitage for monks from the Odigitria Monastery. The surrounding cliffs feature natural alcoves and shelters built by locals from Gergeri village who brought their flocks here to overwinter. The beach is generally calm, except during westerly winds, and has a sandy seabed with some rocks. It offers a tranquil escape, with few tamarisk trees for shade and no amenities. To reach Vathy, drive from Sivas to the Odigitria Monastery, turn right onto a dirt road heading west, and continue for about 10 kilometers. Despite its remote location, the beach can get crowded in August.
Venerato, Heraklion
Venerato, a village in Crete's Heraklion region, 19.8 km from Heraklion city, bears Venetian origins, likely a noble retreat. Historical records from 1583 note its size. It is a thriving agricultural community with modern amenities like schools and a medical center. Notable figures, including Patriarch Nectarios of Jerusalem, were born here. Once a larger settlement, its population was 593 in 1583 and 836 in 2011. The village's name derives from the Italian "venerato," meaning "respected."
Voila abandoned village
Voila, an abandoned village near Chandras in Sitia, Crete, offers a glimpse into Crete's Venetian and Ottoman past. The village, deserted since the 19th century, likely owes its name to a Byzantine surname, a term for boyars, or a place for oxen. Voila was once a sizeable village, documented in Venetian censuses of the 16th century with over 300 inhabitants. A prominent landmark is the Venetian tower, featuring a 1742 Turkish inscription and carvings of axes, cypresses, and pentagrams. Local tradition links the tower to a Janissary named Tsin-Alis. The village also houses the ruins of the 15th-century church of Agios Georgios and Panagia, likely built by the Salamon family, potential ancestors of the poet Dionysios Solomos. Two fountains with Turkish inscriptions and remnants of a Venetian castle further illustrate Voila's rich history.
Voni, Minoa - Pediada
Voni, a village in the Municipality of Minoa Pediada, Heraklion, Crete, sits at 330 meters above sea level. Known for its agricultural production, particularly grapes, cereals, and olive oil, Voni is also home to the Agia Marina Monastery, a significant pilgrimage site. The village's history dates back to the Late Minoan period, with evidence of settlement found in a bathtub-shaped sarcophagus. During the Ottoman period, Voni was known as "Dedeler Küyü" and was inhabited predominantly by Turkish families. After Crete's liberation from Ottoman rule in 1898, the village was repopulated by people from the Lasithi Plateau. Voni also includes the settlement of Galatas, which dates back to the late 16th century.
Vori, Siteia
Vori, a small village in Sitia, Crete, on the Sitia-Lithines road, is an almost deserted settlement with historical roots. Its stone houses feature unique clay pithos chimneys, characteristic of Sitia villages. The village center boasts the picturesque Michael Archangel church, while Agia Paraskevi, a Byzantine cemetery church, lies just outside. Vori's history includes Venetian rule and varying population numbers over the centuries. Despite its small size and dwindling population, Vori retains its charm, showcasing traditional architecture with stone doors and carvings, offering a glimpse into Crete's past.
Voroi, Phaistos
Voroi, a historic Cretan village in the Messara Plain, boasts a history dating back to the Early Minoan era. Near ancient Phaistos, Voroi's name may derive from King Radamanthys' grandson. It served as the Pyrgiotissa province capital during Venetian and Ottoman rule and played a role in Cretan uprisings. Today, Voroi thrives with agriculture, including olives and vineyards, and cultural tourism. The Museum of Cretan Ethnology and preserved traditional architecture are highlights. Population data shows consistent presence through the centuries, from 312 residents in 1583 to 729 in 2021.
Votomos lake in Zaros
Votomos Lake, or Zaros Lake, is a man-made water body in Crete's Psiloritis southern slopes, established in 1987 from a pre-existing wetland. The area, known for the "Zaros" bottled water, signifies "place of much flowing water." It offers trout and salmon farming, dining, recreation, and serves as a trailhead for the Agios Nikolaos Gorge, leading to the Rouvas forest. The lake's creation reflects water management and recreational development in the region, blending natural spring origins with human-engineered enhancements, and local legends that speak of the origins of the lake.
Vrontisi monastery
Moni Vrontisiou, a historic monastery in the Psiloritis Mountains of Crete, dates back to the 9th century. Dedicated to Saint Anthony and the Touching of Thomas, it is known for its architecture and frescoes. The monastery played a role in the Cretan struggle for independence, serving as a refuge for monks and a hub for revolutionary activities. Its fortified walls, two-story main building, and bell tower stand as a testament to its history. The 15th-century marble fountain at the entrance is a highlight, featuring intricate carvings. The main church houses surviving frescoes from the 14th century. Moni Vrontisiou is located 49 kilometers southwest of Heraklion and is open daily from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM with free admission.
Vrysinas Peak Sanctuary
The Vrysinas Peak Sanctuary, located on the slopes of Mount Vrysinas in Crete, is a significant archaeological site that offers valuable insights into Minoan religion and culture. Excavations have revealed a wealth of artifacts, including human and animal figurines, pottery, horns of consecration, and a fragment of a libation table with a Linear A inscription. The sanctuary's unique position as the sole Neopalatial peak sanctuary in the region highlights its importance in the religious landscape of Minoan Crete. The site is easily accessible to visitors and provides a fascinating glimpse into the spiritual world of the Minoans.
Zakathos, Siteia
Zakathos, a now-abandoned village in Lasithi, Crete, has a history rooted in pre-Hellenic times. During the Ottoman era, it was a Turkish village, with inhabitants converting to Islam. Later, it functioned as a metochi (farm) associated with Katelionas, as documented in the 1583 census. The village, situated in the Sitanos region, had a Muslim population of 103 in 1881. The abandoned settlement, divided into Upper and Lower Zakathos, is now utilized by residents of Ziros and Zakros. A notable Ottoman-era fountain graces the nearby "Vrysi" spring in Sitanos.
Zakros Minoan Palace
8:00 am - 6:30 pm
The Minoan Palace of Zakros, situated in eastern Crete, features Neolithic habitation and a significant Late Minoan IB palace. Excavations reveal a Neopalatial settlement, Protopalatial houses, and evidence of post-palatial reoccupation. The palace, with 150 rooms and a central court, highlights Minoan architectural conventions. Discoveries include clay nodules, seal impressions, and elaborate artifacts like the "Bull’s Head Rhyton." The site’s history spans from the Final Neolithic to the Late Minoan IIIB periods, marked by both construction and destruction, potentially by natural disasters. Excavations by Hogarth and Platon uncovered residential and economic zones, a complex street network, and palatial annexes. The site, lacking modern visitor facilities, offers insights into Minoan civilization, with artifacts exhibited in Heraklion, Aghios Nikolaos, and Siteia museums.
Zakros, Siteia
Zakros, a village on Crete's east coast, was once an important Minoan settlement. The ruins of the Minoan palace are a popular tourist destination and an important archaeological site. The village is also known for the Gorge of the Dead, named for the numerous Minoan Age tombs found in the caves along its sides. The Water Museum houses artifacts and tools related to the history of water use in the area, and the Folklore Museum displays exhibits on the traditional way of life in the region. Kato Zakros has a beautiful beach, and the nearby beach of Xerokambos is also worth visiting. The area around Zakros offers opportunities for hiking and exploring the natural beauty of the region.
Zaros, Phaistos
Zaros, a town in Crete's Heraklion region, sits on Mount Samari's slopes. Known for "Zaros" bottled water, it boasts Lake Votomos, a recreational area with trout farms, and the Gorge of Rouvas. The historic Monastery of Vrontisi and Saint Nicholas Church, featuring frescoes, are nearby. Ancient Gortyn sourced water from Zaros' Sterna spring, with Roman aqueduct remnants still visible. The 1583 Kastrofylakas census mentions Zaros. The town's economy is based on agriculture.
Ziros, Siteia
Ziros is a village in eastern Crete, built at 590 meters on the southern foothills of Mount “Engremnos”. The area is characterized by limestone rocks with karst formations such as sinkholes and caves.
The area of Ziros is rich in archaeological remains. Near the village of Chamaitoulo, at the site of Vrysi, a large Minoan settlement with cyclopean walls has been found.
The earliest written mention of the settlement is made by Francesco Barozzi in 1577, who refers to it as Siro. In the Venetian census of 1583 it is referred to as Ziro with 448 inhabitants.
In the village are the churches of Agios Nikolaos, Agios Georgios, and Agia Paraskevi. The church of Agia Paraskevi has frescoes dating back to 1523.
Zominthos, a Minoan Mountain Enclave
Zominthos, a Minoan settlement at 1200 meters on Mount Psiloritis, features a 1600+ square meter central building with over 50 rooms, showcasing Minoan architecture and craftsmanship. Excavations reveal workshops for pottery, stone carving, and potential metallurgy, alongside residential quarters and fresco-adorned spaces. Artifacts, including bronze figurines and ritual vessels, provide insights into Minoan daily life and religious practices. The site's strategic location along mountain paths links it to key destinations like the Idaean Cave, indicating secular and religious importance. Mycenaean presence confirms continued significance post-Minoan era. Ongoing research uses modern technologies to uncover the site's complex details, challenging the notion of a solely coastal Minoan civilization.
Zou Minoan Farmhouse
Zou, an eastern Cretan Minoan site, features a Neopalatial farmhouse spanning MM IIIB to LM IA.
Excavations, including Platon's 1955 work and a 2004 re-examination, uncovered dark-on-light pottery and Linear A script fragments. Architectural remains reflect Minoan rural building practices. The site's location and artifacts provide insights into the area's economic and social roles during the peak of Minoan civilization, including the period surrounding the Thera eruption. Studies of Zou, alongside sites like Achladia and Epano Zakros, contribute to understanding Minoan settlement patterns outside major palatial
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Geotour website by Nikolakakis Manolis is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Geotour website by Nikolakakis Manolis is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
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