Gortyna archaeological site
Now closed
Gortyna, located on Crete's Mesara Plain, was a major ancient city second only to Knossos. Inhabited since the Neolithic period (7000 BC), it flourished during the Bronze Age under Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations. By the Archaic and Classical periods, Gortyna was a powerful city-state, sometimes allied with, sometimes rivaling, Knossos. In 67 BC, Romans conquered Crete, making Gortyna capital of the province of Crete and Cyrenaica. The city thrived under Roman rule, with new infrastructure like the Praetorium, amphitheater, and Sanctuary of the Egyptian Gods.
A key discovery is the Gortyn code, the oldest known complete ancient Greek law, offering insights into 5th century BC social, economic, and legal structures. Gortyna embraced Christianity during the Byzantine era, evidenced by the Basilica of Saint Titus. The Arab conquest in the 9th century AD led to its decline. Today, Gortyna is a major archaeological site with ongoing excavations. Key sites include the Praetorium, Odeon (housing the Gortyn code inscription), amphitheater, Pythion Theater, Sanctuary of the Egyptian Gods, Basilica of Saint Titus, and Acropolis.
Agioi Deka, Gortyna
Agioi Deka, in Crete's Gortyna municipality, sits atop ancient Gortyna, honoring the Ten Martyrs martyred in 250 AD. The village features a 12th-century church at the martyrdom site, the Filakeion museum showcasing Gortyna artifacts, and the "Vasiliou Melathron," former bishop's residence. Agioi Deka, with a population around 732 (2021), is a hub with schools, a health center, and transport links. The village's history includes the Malikoutis family, Greek War of Independence revolutionaries, and its past as the Bishopric of Gortyna and Arcadia seat until 1945. The Metropolitan Church houses the marble slab where the Ten Saints were beheaded.
Agios Ioannis, Phaistos
Agios Ioannis, a historic village in Crete's Messara Plain, is near the Minoan palace of Phaistos. First mentioned in 1577, it's the birthplace of New Martyr John (Arnautogiannis), martyred in 1845. The village features the Church of Saint Paul and an early Christian baptistery, along with the ruined Aghios Georgios Falandras Monastery. Its history includes Venetian and Ottoman rule, and it's now part of the Phaistos municipality. The local economy is based on tourism and olive cultivation.
Alithini, Phaistos
Alithini is a village in Crete's Messara plain, known for olive and cereal cultivation. Located near Moires at 150 meters altitude, its history is tied to the plain's agricultural past, potentially dating back to Minoan times. The village church, dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos, is a focal point. Population data shows fluctuations, with around 150 residents currently. Alithini maintains its traditional Cretan village character while adapting to modern life.
Apesokari Tholos tombs
The Apesokari Tholos Tombs in Crete are significant Early Minoan burial sites. Tholos Tomb A features a unique circular burial chamber and annex, used for both primary and secondary burials. Tholos Tomb B includes multiple rooms with evidence of communal drinking and larnax burials. Both tombs offer valuable insights into Early Minoan funerary practices and social organization.
Castel Nuovo (Kasteli Messara)
Castel Nuovo, a 1206 Genoese fortress, stands in ruins on Psilo Kasteli, near Phaistos, Crete. Constructed by Enrico Pescatore, its strategic hill location offered views of Messara. Built on the ancient Aina site, it played a role in Cretan revolts against Venetian rule, including the Two Syvritos (1230-1236) and Kallergis (1363-1367) revolts. The fortress, also briefly reoccupied during the Cretan War (1645-1669), is the namesake of Kainourgiou province. Today, wall and cistern remnants mark the historical landmark, offering insights into Venetian-era Crete.
Festos (Phaistos)
Now closed
Phaistos, a significant Minoan city in Crete, second in importance to Knossos, located in the Messara Plain. It dates back to 4000 BCE with a palace built in 1900-1700 BCE. The city was destroyed by an earthquake around 1700 BCE and rebuilt with a larger palace. Phaistos had connections with Knossos, Hagia Triada, and Gortyn. Important findings include the Phaistos Disk, Kamares Ware, and architectural remains. After a decline, Phaistos was reoccupied in the Hellenistic period (c. 323-67 BCE) until conquered by Gortyn.
Galia, Phaistos
Galia, a historic village in Crete's Messara plain, dates to the Venetian era (1577). Its name derives from the Greek word for milk, possibly linked to its first church. The village experienced population shifts during Ottoman rule, notably the 1834 Egyptian census when no Christians were recorded. Galia later repopulated, growing after 1920 with residents from Vorizia. Its peak population reached 1029 in 1961, declining to 916 by 2011. Today, Galia thrives on agriculture (olives, vegetables, livestock, beekeeping) and hospitality. Located 5km northwest of Moires and 57.3km from Heraklion, it offers amenities like schools, churches (Agios Georgios), and attracts tourists seeking authentic Cretan experiences near archaeological sites and the Ida mountains.
Gergeri, Gortyna
Gergeri, a village in Crete's Gortyna municipality, rests on Psiloritis' slopes. It features the Rouvas forest, Fountana spring, and Venetian aqueduct remnants. Historical significance includes the birthplace of revolutionary leader Fragkios Mastrochakis. The village has churches like the Transfiguration of the Savior, Agios Georgios, and Panagia Kera, site of a WWII massacre. "Digenis' Tomb" lake and the Rouvas forest, with endemic flora and fauna, are nearby. Gergeri's economy is based on agriculture and livestock farming, with a women's cooperative producing local goods. The village preserves traditions through festivals and events, showcasing its cultural heritage.
Gkagkales, Gortyna
Gangales is a village in the Heraklion Regional Unit, Crete, with a history dating back to the Second Byzantine period (961-1204). The village is located on the Messara plain, 48.8 km from Heraklion. Gangales is mentioned in Venetian and Ottoman records, and played a role in the Cretan resistance against both empires. During World War II, it sheltered Allied soldiers and resistance fighters.
The main church is dedicated to the Transfiguration of the Savior. Gangales also has a primary school and a kindergarten. Today, it is a small agricultural village and the seat of the Gangales Municipality. The population of Gangales has fluctuated throughout its history, with a peak of 493 in 1981. As of 2021, the population was 264.
Kalochorafitis, Phaistos
Kalochorafitis, a village in Crete's Phaistos Municipality, is known for its historic significance. First mentioned in 1399, the village features the well-preserved 15th-century chapel of Agios Georgios o Methystis, adorned with frescoes. Located 64 kilometers from Heraklion, it was mentioned by Barozzi in 1577 and Castrofilaca in 1583 as Caloghorafici/Caloghorafiti. The name derives from "good field," referencing the area's first settler. The village's population has fluctuated over time, from 108 in 1583 to around 115 today.
Kamilari Roman graveyard
The Roman Tombs of Kamilari, located in southern Crete, are an archaeological site that offers a glimpse into the island's history during the Roman period. Discovered in 2010, the tombs are situated at the foot of Evgora Hill, close to Metochi Kamiliariou. The area was known locally as "Xospilios," possibly derived from the Greek word for cave ("spilaio"). The tombs are estimated to have been constructed around 50 AD, based on discovered coins, and provide valuable insights into Roman burial practices. The site is under the supervision of the Archaeological Service.
Kamilari, Phaistos
Kamilari is a village in the Asterousia mountains of Crete. Its history dates back to the Minoan era. The village's name, first recorded in 1370, is likely derived from the Byzantine family name "Kamelaris" or the term "Hamilon Oros," meaning "Low Mountain."
Kamilari is archaeologically significant, with nearby sites like the Minoan palace of Phaistos and the Kamilari Tholos Tomb. The discovery of a bothros containing terracotta figures from the Geometric period confirms the area's long history of human presence.
The village's Cultural Association works to preserve local traditions and customs. Kamilari offers a unique experience for visitors to Crete.
Koules in Magarikari
The Koules of Grammeni, also known as the Koules of Grigoria or Magarikari, is an Ottoman fortress in Crete, Greece. Built in the late 19th century during the Great Cretan Revolution (1866-1869), it was strategically positioned between the villages of Grigoria and Magarikari overlooking the Messara Plain. Measuring 25 meters by 11 meters, with 24 embrasures, it was used as a stronghold by the Ottomans to maintain control over the rebellious Cretan population. In May 1944, it provided refuge to the villagers of Magarikari during the German occupation. Today, the Koules of Grammeni stands as a well-preserved reminder of Crete's turbulent past and the island's enduring spirit.
Kouses, Phaistos
Kouses, located in the Heraklion regional unit on the island of Crete, Greece, is a village with a rich history. The village sits on the northern foothills of Mount Pyrgos, offering a panoramic view of the Kato Messara plain. Kouses is located about 61 kilometers from Heraklion and is close to Phaistos. The village was once a fiefdom of the Kourmoulis family during the Ottoman occupation. The Kourmoulis family were Crypto-Christians who secretly practiced Christianity. According to local tradition, a clandestine school operated in Kouses. Two towers belonging to the Kourmoulis family still stand in Kouses. Within one of these towers lies the church of Agia Pelagia, where Crypto-Christians would gather in secret to worship. Other churches in the village include those dedicated to Agios Antonios, Agioi Pantes, and Agios Georgios. Additionally, there is the church of the Dormition of Agia Anna.
Listaros, Phaistos
Listaros, a small village nestled in the Asterousia Mountains of southern Crete, boasts a rich history dating back to the 16th century. First mentioned in historical records from 1577, the village was designated as "Vakoufiko" during the Ottoman period, with its income supporting religious institutions and charitable works. Archaeological surveys in the 1980s revealed the village's strategic location near a spring, surrounded by fertile fields and diverse vegetation. Ethnographic research highlighted the importance of agriculture, grazing, and burning in shaping the landscape, as well as the significance of community ties and human-land interactions. Despite challenges posed by red soils requiring consistent irrigation, Listaros and its inhabitants have thrived for centuries, showcasing the resilience and adaptability of human communities in mountainous environments.
Magarikari, Phaistos
Magarikari, a historic Cretan village nestled on Mount Psiloritis' foothills, boasts a rich past. First recorded in 1583, it endured Ottoman and WWII hardships, including a devastating Nazi reprisal. Birthplace of resistance hero Petrakogiorgis, Magarikari's history is intertwined with Crete's struggles. Its location offers panoramic views of the Messara Plain. The village thrives on olive cultivation and features several notable churches, reflecting its cultural heritage. Population has grown from 140 in 1583 to 291 in 2011. Today, Magarikari balances tradition with modern life, offering a glimpse into authentic Cretan village life.
Makres, Phaistos
Makres, a small village in Crete, nestled at the foot of Mount Psiloritis, has a rich history dating back to at least 1671, as evidenced by Turkish census records. Its history is intertwined with the Community of Moroni, which it belongs to along with Moroni, Panagia, and Fari. Makres, with an altitude of 490 meters, is located 3 kilometers north of Moroni and falls under the administrative purview of the Municipality of Phaistos. The village's economy is primarily based on the cultivation of olive trees for olive oil production and the drying of raisins. The population of Makres has fluctuated over the years, reflecting the trends of rural Crete. Historical records, including mentions in the Code of Sacrifices (1821), Pashley's accounts (1834), and Stavraki's records (1881), provide insights into the village's past. The village is home to two churches, the Church of the Annunciation and the Church of Saint John. Makres played a role in the Cretan revolution of 1821. The village's population was 126 in 2011 and 134 in 2021.
Mana Elia, ancient olive tree
The Monumental Olive Tree, or “Mana Elia,” is a 2,800-year-old olive tree located in Kamilari, Crete. It has been designated a natural monument due to its size and historical significance. The tree has a base perimeter of 9.5 meters and its trunk is marked by age. The Kamilari Cultural Association has placed twelve large stones around the tree for protection. Eight of the stones are carved with the double axe symbol associated with the Minoan civilization. Mana Elia is near the Kamilari Tholos Tomb and the Minoan Palace of Phaistos. It is a “Thrombolia” variety olive, locally called “Hontrolia,” grafted onto a wild olive rootstock. This grafting technique ensures the tree’s continued health. Mana Elia is a popular tourist attraction and represents Crete’s history of olive cultivation. It is valued for its historical and cultural significance.
Mitropoli, Gortyna
Mitropoli, a village in Crete's Gortyna municipality, sits adjacent to the significant archaeological site of Gortyna. Its name derives from the nearby ruins of the first Byzantine metropolitan church of Agios Titos. Recent excavations have unearthed a mosaic floor from an early Christian basilica, further highlighting the area's historical depth. The village is approximately 46 kilometers from Heraklion. Mitropoli's economy is largely agricultural, focusing on grapes, olives, vegetables, cereals, and citrus fruits. The village has a primary school, kindergarten, and the central church of Agios Nikolaos, showcasing Byzantine architecture. Historical population data shows fluctuations, with the current population around 370. Mitropoli's proximity to Gortyna makes it a point of interest for those studying ancient and Byzantine history.
Moires, Phaistos
Moires is a modern town located in the fertile Messara plain of Crete, approximately 38 kilometers southwest of Heraklion. The town has a rich history, potentially dating back to the Venetian era, and has experienced significant growth over the centuries. Moires is a bustling hub of activity, known for its agricultural production, particularly olive oil and wine, and its vibrant Saturday market, the largest in Crete. The town also serves as an administrative center and offers a range of amenities, including schools, banks, and a health center. Its strategic location provides easy access to key attractions such as the Minoan palaces of Phaistos and Agia Triada, the Roman ruins of Gortyna, and the coastal areas of Matala.
Petrokefali, Phaistos
Petrokefali, a village in the Municipality of Phaistos, Crete, has a long history, dating back to Venetian censuses where it was recorded as Petrochieffali. The village is located at the 59.3rd kilometer of the road to Matala. In 2021, its population was 813. The inhabitants are mainly engaged in agriculture, particularly olive growing and the cultivation of citrus fruits and early vegetables. Historically, the area was also known for rice cultivation. Petrokefali has a Cultural Association of Ladies, an Adult Education Center, a kindergarten, and a primary school. The village is also known for its connection to the Cretan Revolution against the Ottomans, particularly through figures like Michael Kourmoulis and Xopateras. The abandoned village of Flambanochori, located south of Petrokefali, is believed to have been deserted due to the devastating plague of 1592.
Platanos Minoan tholos tombs
The Minoan tholos tombs at Platanos, located in the Messara Plain of Crete, are significant archaeological remains from the Prepalatial period (c. 3200-2000 BC). Excavated in the early 20th century, the site features three tholos tombs (circular, beehive-shaped burial chambers) and a paved courtyard. The tombs, labeled A, B, and C, vary in size and preservation. Tomb A, the largest, has an internal diameter of 13 meters. The tombs contained many artifacts, including seals, figurines, pottery vessels, stone vessels, gold jewelry, and bronze tools. These findings provide valuable insights into Minoan funerary practices and material culture during the Prepalatial period. The presence of imported objects, such as an ancient Babylonian cylinder seal and Egyptian scarabs, also highlights the extensive trade networks that connected Crete with other civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Platanos, Gortyna
Platanos, a village in Heraklion, Crete, near the Mesara Plain, is known for olive oil production. The village's history includes an 1878 protest regarding aid and taxation. Near Platanos lies an Early Minoan settlement with tholos tombs, discovered in 1915. First recorded in 1834, the village has a church dedicated to Agios Georgios and a primary school. Platanos is part of the municipality of Gortyna.
Plora, Gortyna
Plora, a village in Gortyna, Crete, sits on Asterousia's foothills at 180m altitude. Likely named after ancient Pyloros, its ruins lie west of the village. First mentioned in 1583 with 167 residents, Plora's economy centers on olive cultivation, with vast groves and oil production. The Plorianos River dam supports citrus farming. Religious sites include Despotis Christos, Annunciation churches, and Agios Antonios, Agios Georgios o Kalamiaris, and Agios Panteleimon chapels. The 2021 population was 194.
Psalida abandoned village
Psalida (Ψαλίδα), an abandoned village in Gergeri, Crete, offers a glimpse into the island's past. Dating back to the 16th century, the village was once home to farmers, as evidenced by animal feeders found in the ruins. Historical records from 1583 mention Psalida as a dependency of Gergeri with 60 inhabitants. Today, only the stone houses remain, standing as a testament to the traditional way of life. Psalida's location provides stunning views of the surrounding countryside. The village is a reminder of Crete's rich history, including the Greek War of Independence and conflicts between the Christian and Muslim populations.
Roufas, Phaistos
Roufas, a village in Heraklion, Crete, has a history dating back to the Venetian era, evidenced by censuses from 1583 recording 424 inhabitants. During Ottoman rule, the village was inhabited solely by Turks. Today, Roufas is a smaller settlement with a population of 71 (2021), serving as the seat of the Roufas community within Phaistos municipality. The village features the main church of Saint Basil and several smaller churches dedicated to various saints. Plouti, a smaller settlement nearby, is also part of the Roufas community. Plouti's population was 48 in 2011. Historical records show Plouti had 146 inhabitants during the Venetian period.
Siderospilia near Roufas
Siderospilia, meaning "Iron Caves," is a complex of three interconnected chambers carved into limestone bedrock near Roufas, Crete. Its purpose is debated, with theories ranging from blacksmith workshop to Roman-era burial site. Chamber 1 features a broken supporting column, roof opening, and stone bench. Chamber 2 is larger, with niches for burials. Chamber 3 resembles an early Christian church, with a dividing wall and door. Local legends link the cave to blacksmiths, ghosts, and eerie sounds. Some believe it was a dwelling before becoming a necropolis. The cave's location near a stream and possible ancient structures adds to its significance. Siderospilia is accessible but lacks official signage.
Small Labyrinth cave
The Small Labyrinth Cave, or Labyrinthaki Cave, is an ancient 300-square-meter quarry located 50 kilometers south of Heraklion, between Plouti and Moroni, Crete. Used for stone in Minoan Phaistos, Agia Triada, and Roman Gortys, it features columns and labyrinthine passages. Distinguishing it from the larger Labyrinth Cave on the same hill, it has a depth of 120 meters and shares similar geological formations. Local tradition suggests secret passages connect the two caves, despite rockfall blockages. This site offers insights into ancient quarrying and Crete's historical architecture.
The Abandoned Village of Apolycnos
Apolycnos, a now deserted village near Moires in southern Crete, offers a glimpse into traditional Cretan life. Mentioned as Apolchino in 1248, the village's population dwindled throughout the 20th century due to urbanization. Despite abandonment, the village's stone buildings and the church of Saint Panteleimon remain, reflecting its history from the Byzantine era through Venetian rule and later periods. The surrounding landscape includes a small gorge. Population records from 1583 to 2021 document the village's decline.
Tholos Tomb of Kamilari
The Tholos Tomb of Kamilari, located on a coastal hill near Phaistos in Crete, is the largest and most well-preserved Minoan tholos tomb. Constructed around 1900 BC, it offers valuable insights into Minoan funerary practices. The tomb's proximity to Agia Triada and Phaistos suggests a connection to the elites of these settlements. The Kamilari cemetery includes three tholos tombs, with Tholos A being the most preserved, featuring a circular chamber, external rooms, and an open-air courtyard. Tholos B and C are partially preserved, with Tholos C repurposed as a shrine dedicated to Demeter and Kore. A research project is underway to study the cemetery, including its stratigraphy, artifacts, and human remains. The project aims to understand the changing mortuary behavior and social choices of the communities who used the cemetery over centuries.
Voroi, Phaistos
Voroi, a historic Cretan village in the Messara Plain, boasts a history dating back to the Early Minoan era. Near ancient Phaistos, Voroi's name may derive from King Radamanthys' grandson. It served as the Pyrgiotissa province capital during Venetian and Ottoman rule and played a role in Cretan uprisings. Today, Voroi thrives with agriculture, including olives and vineyards, and cultural tourism. The Museum of Cretan Ethnology and preserved traditional architecture are highlights. Population data shows consistent presence through the centuries, from 312 residents in 1583 to 729 in 2021.
Votomos lake in Zaros
Votomos Lake, or Zaros Lake, is a man-made water body in Crete's Psiloritis southern slopes, established in 1987 from a pre-existing wetland. The area, known for the "Zaros" bottled water, signifies "place of much flowing water." It offers trout and salmon farming, dining, recreation, and serves as a trailhead for the Agios Nikolaos Gorge, leading to the Rouvas forest. The lake's creation reflects water management and recreational development in the region, blending natural spring origins with human-engineered enhancements, and local legends that speak of the origins of the lake.
Vrontisi monastery
Moni Vrontisiou, a historic monastery in the Psiloritis Mountains of Crete, dates back to the 9th century. Dedicated to Saint Anthony and the Touching of Thomas, it is known for its architecture and frescoes. The monastery played a role in the Cretan struggle for independence, serving as a refuge for monks and a hub for revolutionary activities. Its fortified walls, two-story main building, and bell tower stand as a testament to its history. The 15th-century marble fountain at the entrance is a highlight, featuring intricate carvings. The main church houses surviving frescoes from the 14th century. Moni Vrontisiou is located 49 kilometers southwest of Heraklion and is open daily from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM with free admission.
Zaros, Phaistos
Zaros, a town in Crete's Heraklion region, sits on Mount Samari's slopes. Known for "Zaros" bottled water, it boasts Lake Votomos, a recreational area with trout farms, and the Gorge of Rouvas. The historic Monastery of Vrontisi and Saint Nicholas Church, featuring frescoes, are nearby. Ancient Gortyn sourced water from Zaros' Sterna spring, with Roman aqueduct remnants still visible. The 1583 Kastrofylakas census mentions Zaros. The town's economy is based on agriculture.